Practical use of geothermal waters. Scheme, description

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Geothermal energy. Practical use of geothermal waters. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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Geothermal waters and steam hydrotherms are specific, different from traditional heat carriers, which must be taken into account when developing systems for geothermal heat supply and power generation at GeoTPPs. Attempts to consider thermal water and hydrothermal steam as a conventional heat carrier, as practice shows, either ended in failure or led to undesirable solutions. Widespread use of geothermal coolant is impossible without analyzing and taking into account its specific features.

The specifics of geothermal waters are as follows:

disposable use in the heat supply system;
constant temperature during the heating season;
aggressiveness, and therefore, it is necessary to provide protection against corrosion and precipitation in metal pipelines and heating devices;
relatively low temperature;
the need for a reset.

The use of steam hydrotherms for GeoTPP, in contrast to the traditional steam used at power plants, requires the use of additional equipment - separators for cleaning small particles of rocks, as well as anti-corrosion protection of pipelines and steam pipelines.

The technical requirements for geothermal resources may be different depending on the scope of their use - electricity generation, heat supply (heating and hot water supply), service water supply, extraction of chemical elements, etc. In turn, the scope and efficiency of the use of geothermal waters, one or another deposit depends on their energy potential, the total reserve and flow rate of wells, the chemical composition, salinity and aggressiveness of waters, the presence of a consumer and its remoteness, the temperature and hydraulic conditions of wells, the depth of aquifers and their characteristics, and some others factors.

As experience shows, in most cases the most effective area of application of geothermal waters is heating, hot and technical water supply of industrial, civil, municipal and agricultural facilities.

An analysis of the above factors helps, already at the initial design stage, to decide on the feasibility of geothermal heat supply, as well as to classify geothermal deposits by temperature, the degree of water loss of aquifers, chemical composition, gas saturation, degree of mineralization and the nature of the use of the heat carrier.

According to the degree of water loss, geothermal wells are divided into high-yield (1700 m400/day and more), medium-yield (1700 - 3 m400/day) and low-yield (less than 3 mXNUMX/day).

According to the degree of mineralization, they are divided into fresh (up to 1 g / dm3), slightly brackish (1 - 3 g / dm3), brackish (3 - 5 g / dm3), strongly brackish (5 - 10 g / dm3), slightly saline (10 - 20 g /dm3), salty (20 - 35 g/dm3), strongly salted (35 - 50 g/dm3), weak brines (50 - 75 g/dm3), brines (75 - 100 g/dm3), strong brines (more than 100 g/dm3).

According to the chemical feature, four types of waters are distinguished: bicarbonate sodium, sulfate sodium, magnesium chloride and calcium chloride, sodium chloride.

According to the gas composition, they are divided into aggressive (carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide) or neutral (nitrogen and methane).

By thermal potential - overheated (more than 100°C), high thermal (60 - 100°C), thermal (40 - 60°C), low thermal (up to 40°C).

All of the above indicators should be taken into account when choosing a heat supply scheme or system. At the initial design stage, it is desirable to decide:

can thermal waters of a given chemical and gas composition and mineralization be directly supplied to heating, hot and technical water supply systems;
whether these geothermal waters can be subjected to reheating;
what devices can be used to transform the energy potential of geothermal waters;
what is the need for water treatment methods.

Improving the technical and economic indicators of the heat and power use of geothermal waters requires the use of various technical devices and units that use fossil fuels, electricity, chemicals, both in the field of obtaining these waters, and in the field of use and disposal. Such units include, for example, peak boilers, heat exchangers, artesian, network pumps, heat pumps, etc. Therefore, in order to evaluate the energy received and used by geothermal waters, it is advisable to use the general thermodynamic method of analysis - the electrical method, which makes it possible to evaluate the performance of energy in accordance with with the second law of thermodynamics.

The economics of using geothermal waters to a decisive extent depends on the degree of use of their thermal potential and the uniformity of spending the calculated flow rate of wells. In traditional heating systems, unused water is returned to the boiler house (CHP) to restore the original parameters. This requires less fuel. In geothermal heat supply systems, the thermal potential not used by the consumer is lost irretrievably. With the same flow rate (with the same costs for drilling and operating wells), it is possible to provide heat to a different number of consumers, depending on the final temperature of the thermal water sent for discharge.

The maximum energy effect (fuel savings) is achieved by creating special heating systems with an increased temperature difference, using peak reheating (auxiliary - peak boiler) or heat pumps, developing integrated geothermal heat supply schemes with a set of successive consumers (including seasonal ones).

Depending on the mineralization and chemical composition, there are three ways to use thermal waters in heating systems:

with preliminary preparation of water;
using intermediate heat exchangers;
with direct supply of thermal water to the heating system.

The last method is the simplest and most economical. However, it is far from always feasible, but, nevertheless, it is used in most fields.

When developing geothermal heat supply systems, it is necessary to ensure the maximum value of the efficiency coefficients for the use of thermal water intake with the simultaneous minimum specific consumption of thermal water per unit of calculated thermal energy. Its value varies within the following limits: heating 0,05 - 0,34; ventilation 0,15 - 0,45; hot water supply 0,70 - 0,92. From this it follows that the most efficient use of thermal waters for hot water supply.

The wealth of Russia can be multiplied by the huge resources of the Earth's heat, which is located at a depth of 300 to 2500 m in the internal fault zone of the globe.

In general terms, electric geothermal stations in Russia today can generate about 2 percent (up to 4000 MW) of the country's total installed electric capacity.

Author: Magomedov A.M.

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