Essence and characteristic features of local wars and regional armed conflicts. OBZhD

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Essence and characteristic features of local wars and regional armed conflicts. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

From a sociological point of view, конфликт - this is a clash of parties arising from the difference in their position in society and due to the inconsistency of interests, goals and values. It is the result of the development (exacerbation) of contradictions between individuals (intragroup), social groups (intergroup) and individuals and social groups. The conflict is resolved through various forms of (peaceful, non-peaceful, mixed) struggle between groups, during which the conflicting parties seek to neutralize or even destroy their opponents in order to achieve the desired goals.

Conflicts can have both positive and negative impacts on the development of society. On the one hand, conflict is a source and form of manifestation of socio-political changes, preventing the stagnation and rigidity of social systems, stimulating the modification of social relations, structures and institutions. In this sense, it acts as a form of regulation of the conflicting interests of various groups of society, contributes to the elimination of tension in relations between them. On the other hand, the conflict poses a serious threat to destabilize society and can lead to catastrophic consequences - anarchy, revolutions, wars.

The impact of conflict on the social structure largely depends on the organization of society. In a totalitarian (closed) society with a rigid social division, the conflict proceeds in acute forms and has more destructive consequences, often leading to destabilization of the system of relations. In a pluralistic (open) society, where social barriers are less rigid, there are a large number of intermediate groups and institutions, and communication channels are branched out, conflicts are not so destructive and proceed in a less acute form.

If at the same time there are conflicts of varying degrees of intensity, intersecting with each other, this leads to their mutual weakening and dispersal, which helps to prevent a split in the whole society on any one basis. In a democratic society, the presence of forms of social control (elections, parliamentary institutions, pluralism of political parties, etc.) creates a real possibility of legal regulation of conflicts with a view to their timely resolution. They become controllable.

In addition to conflicts that arise within society, there are interstate, regional and international conflicts that require special sociological and political analysis. The same applies to the interethnic conflicts that have recently become widespread.

One of the most dangerous types of conflict is armed conflict, which is an extremely acute form of resolving conflicts between states or military-political groupings within a state, characterized by the bilateral use of military force.

In the broad sense of the word, an armed conflict is understood as any military action with the use of armed force. In a narrow sense, it is an open armed clash (most often on the state border), associated with its violation, infringement of the sovereignty of a state, or arose on the basis of political contradictions within the state. In other words, war and armed conflict are, in essence, social phenomena of the same order, differing only in the degree to which violence is used to achieve certain political goals.

War, in its essence, there is nothing else than the continuation of the policy of certain states (social groups) by violent means. Any war has a political content, since it is part of the state's policy (both internal and external). The historical experience of two world and hundreds of local wars shows that wars are prepared, as a rule, well in advance, over a long period. This training covers the actual political, as well as economic, diplomatic, ideological, military, moral and psychological spheres. It includes intelligence activities, mobilization activities, etc.

War also has its own special, specific content, which is armed struggle - organized use of the armed forces of states, armed groups or other formations of any political groupings to achieve political and military goals. Armed struggle can also take unsanctioned forms (separate military skirmishes, military incidents, terrorist acts, etc.), as well as politicized armed conflicts that arise in relations between individual states or within them in the absence of a general state of war.

However, an armed conflict is different from a military skirmish, a military incident, and even more so from a terrorist act. military skirmish or military Incident, which usually involves small groups of people, often occurs as a result of a misunderstanding, an accidental clash, while an armed conflict is the result of an aggressive policy of some military-political forces that deliberately provoke a military clash to achieve their goals. terrorist actionsgenerally have a different nature (they will be discussed in another chapter).

Since most often armed conflicts cover a certain geographical area, including warring states (region of the world) or some local territory (region) within a state, they are often called regional. Regional armed conflict matures on the basis of intractable contradictions (historical, territorial, economic, political, inter-ethnic, etc.) between neighboring states or various socio-political groupings within the country. It begins, as a rule, suddenly, without an official announcement of an ongoing military action, and is carried out by small military forces and means. Its political goals are limited and its duration is short. Departure from solving regional problems leads to an aggravation of the situation in the region and the development of a regional conflict into a local war.

Local war - this is an armed clash in a separate region of the planet between two or more states, affecting mainly only their interests and carried out with limited political and military-strategic goals, i.e., covering a relatively small number of participants and a limited geographical area.

Local wars and regional armed conflicts certainly have their own characteristics. They differ in their causes, political and strategic goals, scale, intensity, duration, means of armed struggle, forms and methods of warfare, etc. However, they also have common features, among which are the following:

limited military-political goals due to political isolation and resolution of contradictions with the help of armed violence;
the dependence of the course and outcome on the intervention of world powers or their coalitions (economic and diplomatic support, participation in hostilities on one side or another, the supply of weapons and military equipment, etc.);
dependence on world public opinion (protests, denial of international support, economic and political blockade, etc.);
the use, as a rule, of limited armed forces, the conduct of hostilities by conventional means with the constant threat of the use by the parties of other, more powerful means of destruction;
the focal nature of military operations of troops;
the uncertainty of the duration of hostilities;
massive use of information processing of enemy troops and population, etc.

As already noted, local wars and armed conflicts arise on socio-political, economic, inter-ethnic grounds, as a result of violation of territorial integrity or infringement of sovereignty. They are terminated and the problems associated with them are resolved at the state level, through diplomacy, with the help of third countries, international organizations, using the policy of national reconciliation, etc.

Every citizen, first of all, should know that war, like any kind of activity in a civilized society, regulated by law. The legal norms prescribing the rules of warfare are aimed at the maximum observance of the rights of a military person and the protection of the civilian population who find themselves in a combat zone. Ultimately, this legislation is designed to make it as difficult as possible for the course of a conflict between parties who have agreed to apply civilized norms.

The norms of international law are enshrined in the Hague Conventions on the Laws and Customs of War (1899,1907, 1949), the Geneva Convention for the Protection of Victims of War (1954), the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (1968), the Convention on the non-application of the statute of limitations to war criminals and crimes against humanity adopted by the UN General Assembly (XNUMX). All these documents are recognized by the Russian Federation, but they deal with international armed conflicts. In our country and in the near abroad, these conflicts were and are mainly of an interethnic (interethnic) character. It should be emphasized that in this case, too, the parties are obliged to comply with international legal norms regarding the conduct of hostilities. However, in all armed conflicts that took place on the territory of the former USSR, these norms were violated by almost all warring parties.

Conflicts in various areas of public life and varying degrees of intensity are a fairly common phenomenon in the modern world, but armed conflicts pose the greatest danger. They cover individual regions of the world or states, but are fraught with the expansion of the sphere of distribution, the transition to more stringent methods of warfare. These conflicts develop into local wars, which, as history shows, may precede a world war. Specialists in the field of life safety must clearly and clearly understand the nature of this kind of social phenomena, know the strategy and methods for the survival of the population in the area of military operations.

Authors: Gubanov V.M., Mikhailov L.A., Solomin V.P.

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