Atmospheric emissions of the city-millionaire. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Free library / Directory / Basics of safe life

Atmospheric emissions of the city-millionaire. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

The composition of industrial and domestic emissions of the millionaire city entering the atmosphere is very diverse.

Annual amount of gaseous emissions and their composition are given below (in thousand tons/year):

Water (steam, aerosol)	10800
Carbon dioxide	1200
Sulfur dioxide	240
Carbon monoxide	240
Dust	180
Hydrocarbons	108
Nitrogen oxides	60
Organic substances (phenols, benzene, alcohols, solvents, fatty acids)	8
Chlorine, hydrochloric acid aerosols	5
Hydrogen sulfide	5
Ammonia	1,4
Fluorides, in terms of fluorine	1,2
carbon disulfide	1,0
Hydrogen cyanide	0,3
Lead compounds	0,5
Nickel (as part of dust)	0,042
PAHs (including benzapyrene)	0,08
arsenic	0,031
Uranium (as part of dust)	0,024
Cobalt (as part of dust)	0,018
Mercury	0,0084
Cadmium (as part of dust)	0,0015
Beryllium (as part of dust)	0,0012

The largest share in the composition of atmospheric emissions belongs to water (water vapor and aerosols) and carbon dioxide, followed by sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and dust. The density of emissions of these substances per year from 1 km of the area of a millionaire city (in the model, its average area is 300 km2) for sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide is about 240 tons, dust is about 180 tons, and nitrogen oxides is about 60 tons. It should be emphasized that the intra-annual distribution of these emissions is quite uneven. The maximum emissions into the atmosphere are observed in the winter months, when thermal power plants and boiler houses operate at full capacity.

Another important component of pollution in the lower layer of the atmosphere is hydrocarbons, which are emitted annually up to 108 thousand tons.

The next considered group of substances entering the air of cities is contained in quantities 1-2 orders of magnitude less than the previous ones. This includes organic substances, the total mass of which reaches 8 thousand tons / year (phenols, alcohols, solvents, fatty acids, benzene). Hydrogen sulfide and chlorine in combination with hydrochloric acid aerosols are emitted into the atmosphere in approximately equal amounts - 5 thousand tons each. About 1 tons of carbon disulfide enters the air every year, and a little more - fluorides and ammonia.

The amount of emissions from the group of substances most toxic to humans and wildlife - lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, benzapyrene - is up to several tons per year.

Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere leave their mark on the earth. This is being monitored systematically. The background pollution of the snow cover and the pollution of the snow cover around the cities are investigated. Data on pollutant emission zones around cities and surrounding territories are of great interest, as they clearly demonstrate the impact of cities on these territories, including agricultural land, recreation areas, water bodies, protected landscapes, etc. Research is carried out using artificial satellites Earth.

Table 2. Correlation between the areas of cities and pollutant haloes around them

City population, thousand people	Average urban area, km2	Average area of pollution halo, km2	Distance of the edge of the pollution halo from the city center, km
City population, thousand people	Average urban area, km2	Average area of pollution halo, km2	the greatest	the smallest
More than 1	179	3390	59	13
999-500	74	2370	44	12
499-100	34	1550	33	10
99-50	22	385	26	2

Table 2 shows the average values of built-up areas and pollution zones around them, as well as the distance of the edges of these zones from city centers. The data was obtained based on the analysis of materials for 540 cities of Russia.

National averages, of course, differ significantly from city-specific figures. Thus, individual pollution halos around Moscow, other cities and towns of the Central Economic Region merged into a single spot (with an area of 177,9 thousand km2) - from Tver in the northwest to Nizhny Novgorod in the northeast, from the southern borders of the Kaluga region to the south -west to the borders of Mordovia in the southeast. The pollution zone around Yekaterinburg exceeds 32,5 thousand km2, around the Irkutsk-Cherekhov industrial region - 31 thousand km2.

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

We recommend interesting articles Section Basics of safe life:

▪ The impact of smoking on human health

▪ Theoretical foundations of life safety

▪ Unemployment. State policy in the field of employment

See other articles Section Basics of safe life.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

A New Way to Control and Manipulate Optical Signals 05.05.2024

The modern world of science and technology is developing rapidly, and every day new methods and technologies appear that open up new prospects for us in various fields. One such innovation is the development by German scientists of a new way to control optical signals, which could lead to significant progress in the field of photonics. Recent research has allowed German scientists to create a tunable waveplate inside a fused silica waveguide. This method, based on the use of a liquid crystal layer, allows one to effectively change the polarization of light passing through a waveguide. This technological breakthrough opens up new prospects for the development of compact and efficient photonic devices capable of processing large volumes of data. The electro-optical control of polarization provided by the new method could provide the basis for a new class of integrated photonic devices. This opens up great opportunities for ... >>

Primium Seneca keyboard 05.05.2024

Keyboards are an integral part of our daily computer work. However, one of the main problems that users face is noise, especially in the case of premium models. But with the new Seneca keyboard from Norbauer & Co, that may change. Seneca is not just a keyboard, it is the result of five years of development work to create the ideal device. Every aspect of this keyboard, from acoustic properties to mechanical characteristics, has been carefully considered and balanced. One of the key features of Seneca is its silent stabilizers, which solve the noise problem common to many keyboards. In addition, the keyboard supports various key widths, making it convenient for any user. Although Seneca is not yet available for purchase, it is scheduled for release in late summer. Norbauer & Co's Seneca represents new standards in keyboard design. Her ... >>

The world's tallest astronomical observatory opened 04.05.2024

Exploring space and its mysteries is a task that attracts the attention of astronomers from all over the world. In the fresh air of the high mountains, far from city light pollution, the stars and planets reveal their secrets with greater clarity. A new page is opening in the history of astronomy with the opening of the world's highest astronomical observatory - the Atacama Observatory of the University of Tokyo. The Atacama Observatory, located at an altitude of 5640 meters above sea level, opens up new opportunities for astronomers in the study of space. This site has become the highest location for a ground-based telescope, providing researchers with a unique tool for studying infrared waves in the Universe. Although the high altitude location provides clearer skies and less interference from the atmosphere, building an observatory on a high mountain poses enormous difficulties and challenges. However, despite the difficulties, the new observatory opens up broad research prospects for astronomers. ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Why the LED does not shine at full power 25.09.2009

It is believed that LEDs are exactly the source of light that can save a huge amount of electricity that is now spent on heating the tungsten filament in incandescent lamps. However, experts know that there is a catch here.

It turns out that each LED has its own luminosity limit, and only up to this limit it consumes little energy. And to make it glow brighter, you need to spend not just more energy, but much more, and then it becomes more expensive than an incandescent lamp.

Scientists debate the causes, and Wells science journalist and former physicist Richard Stevenson summarized their thinking in an article in the August issue of IEEE Spectrum. It turns out that there are three points of view. The discoverer of the blue nitride diode, Shuji Nakamura and his colleagues, believe that defects are the reason: if there are few of them, electrons and holes cannot find enough places to meet and give rise to a quantum of light.

Other scientists believe that charge carriers leak out of the diode and therefore cannot meet. According to others, as a result of such a meeting, not photons, but phonons, sound vibrations, may arise. Apparently, before the answer to this question is received, it is too early to divide the multibillion-dollar market for new lighting devices, and even more so to ban incandescent lamps.

Other interesting news:

▪ New material changes shape

▪ Sonos Sub Mini Wireless Subwoofer

▪ Origami helps generate electricity

▪ Started deliveries of samples of magnetoresistive memory ST-MRAM

▪ 5G could hurt weather forecasts

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ site section Computer devices. Article selection

▪ Article Old regime. Popular expression

▪ article What forms of life can withstand an overload of hundreds of thousands of g? Detailed answer

▪ article The procedure for compensation for harm caused to the life and health of citizens

▪ article Improving the cooling of microprocessors. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article 3-volt battery discharge indicator. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews