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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Unemployment. State policy in the field of employment. Fundamentals of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life The market, like any other social institution, has both positive and negative sides. On the one hand, it acts as a regulator of social relations, and one cannot do without it as long as commodity production exists. On the other hand, one should not forget about its negative consequences associated with the reproduction of social inequality, increased differentiation of society, orientation not to the production of socially necessary goods, but to satisfying the needs of population groups that have money. All this, no doubt, is not conducive to general employment. Unemployment predetermine various factors, primarily objective factors that take place in all countries, regardless of their economic system. This is scientific and technological progress, causing the reduction of manual laborers; structural changes in the economy that cause a decrease in the number of people employed in certain industries; an increase in labor productivity, also leading to a decrease in the number of employees; reduction of living labor, which is facilitated by the operation of the law of economy of time. To this is added the fact that in the face of aggravated environmental problems, some industries that pollute the environment are being closed. However, with the transition to market relations (and this is precisely what is happening today in Russia), factors of a different order come to the fore. Among them are such as privatization, corporatization of enterprises, rent, etc., leading to the optimization of the number of employees, the liquidation or reduction of unprofitable and unprofitable enterprises, and other consequences. In the 1990s, due to a sharp drop in production (up to 50% or more in various industries), destabilization of the economy, conversion of military production and reduction of the armed forces, and ill-conceived social policy, the situation became extremely aggravated. According to the data of scientific studies related to the problem of unemployment, unemployment in the range of 2-5% is considered acceptable, although in this case, society also suffers certain losses due to the need for material support for social protection programs. Mass unemployment, the level of which is 8-12% or more, leads to a sharp increase in the socially disadvantaged categories of the population. And the unemployment rate statistics in Russia are not very optimistic. According to the UN, in 1999 it was 13,3%. (At the same time, it should be noted that, according to the CIS Statistical Committee, officially registered unemployment in the country this year was 1,4%, i.e., did not exceed the permissible limit.) To solve the problems of unemployment, it is important to determine its essence and main forms. Unemployment as a social phenomenon is the lack of work for the able-bodied, willing to work part of the population. This concept is connected with the concepts of "employment" - an indicator characterizing the size and structure of the labor force - and "employed". Employment - this is the legitimate participation of citizens in production activities with the aim of earning (labor income) and satisfying personal and social needs on this basis. In order to implement the state policy of employment of the population and provide citizens with appropriate guarantees, state and non-state organizations are being created in Russia, called employment services. According to the Law of the Russian Federation on employment of the population, among employed relate:
This list as a whole quite fully and adequately reflects the essence of the concept of "employment", but at the same time, the assignment to the category of employed persons who are temporarily absent due to disability or suspension of production is unlikely to serve the interests of these citizens. Thus, a large number of people, although not working for a long time, are considered to be employed, which reduces the unemployment rate and distorts the actual picture of employment. At the same time, the given interpretation of employment is of positive importance not only for solving the problems of the labor market in general, but also for a more targeted development of social policy, determining the priority of social programs, sources of their financing and formation both at the federal and local levels. It seems to be socially important to recognize by law the upbringing of children, housekeeping, social activities as necessary and useful types of employment along with labor in social production. Derived from unemployment and opposite to the concept of "employed" is the concept "unemployed" - an able-bodied person who can work, but does not work due to circumstances beyond his control. The following are distinguished forms of unemployment
The situation with the question of the number of unemployed, and consequently with the determination of the level of unemployment, which is understood as an indicator of economic activity, showing the ratio of the size of the working-age population to the total number of people looking for work, the percentage of the working-age population that is unable to find a job. In different countries, these figures are not the same, which is due to the difference in interpretations of the concept of "unemployed" by official and unofficial institutions of society. So, in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation on Employment, a citizen is considered unemployed if he has lost his job or has no income due to the inability to get a permanent job in the area, has registered with the employment service as able and ready to work and undergo retraining for this, is really looking for a job, moreover, the employment service did not provide him with offers for permanent employment during the first week from the date of his registration. It is not so easy to get the status of unemployed according to this definition, therefore, many people, being unemployed, do not use the services of the employment service and automatically fall out of this category of citizens, although they actually do not have a job. Therefore, official data are usually underestimated in comparison with the data of trade unions and other public organizations. According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, the decision to recognize a citizen as unemployed is made by the employment service at the place of his residence no later than 11 days from the date of presentation of his passport, work book or documents replacing them, as well as documents certifying his professional qualifications, certificates of average earnings for the last two months at the last place of work, and for those who are looking for a job for the first time and do not have a profession (specialty) - a passport and education documents. From the date of presentation of documents, a citizen is recognized as unemployed. In this case, The following categories of citizens cannot be recognized as unemployed:
Citizens who have reached the age of 16, registered with the employment service and have the status of the unemployed, are paid unemployment benefit the amount of money determined by the state to persons recognized as unemployed in the manner prescribed by law. It is paid starting from the 11th day after the citizen applied to the state employment service until the issue of employment is resolved. The period of payment of benefits for persons who have lost their jobs is at least 26 calendar weeks. At the same time, the benefit payment period cannot exceed 12 months in total terms within 18 calendar months in the following amounts: for the first three months - 75% of the average monthly earnings at the last place of work, for the next four months - 60%, in the future - 45%. But in all cases, the amount of the allowance cannot be lower than the minimum wage established by law, and higher than the average wage prevailing in the region. For first-time job seekers, the period of payment of benefits is set at least 13 weeks, and its amount is at least 75% of the minimum wage. While receiving unemployment benefits, the length of service is not interrupted. As sociological studies show, among the unemployed today in our country are primarily unskilled and low-skilled workers who are not ready for retraining; employees of unprofitable, unprofitable enterprises; "weak" demographic groups of workers (youth, women with children, the elderly). The last group is up to 70% of the unemployed and more. The state is obliged to mitigate the current situation on the labor market, as provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. In the conditions of the formation of market relations state employment policy should be aimed at optimizing the labor market, promoting labor mobility, creating new jobs, training and retraining of personnel. It must be carried out in two main directions:
A number of regulatory documents of the Russian Federation emphasize that the state policy in the field of employment is aimed at preventing the growth of unemployment, which gives rise to a whole range of problems: a decrease in the purchasing power and standard of living of a significant part of the population, the loss of qualified personnel, an increase in the risk of social tension, additional costs to support the unemployed, which increase tax burden. Laws and other normative acts of the Russian Federation provide for equal opportunities in the exercise of the right to work and its free choice to all citizens of Russia, regardless of nationality, gender, age, social status, political beliefs, attitude to religion. The state, in accordance with the law, should help citizens to carry out labor and entrepreneurial initiative, promote the development of their abilities for productive and creative work, promote compliance with voluntary labor, free expression of will and choice of type of employment, and ensure social protection in the field of employment. Particular attention should be paid to groups and strata of the population that, for one reason or another, do not fully or partially meet the requirements of the market: youth; women raising children of preschool age, children with disabilities; single and large parents with minor children; disabled people; persons of pre-retirement age, refugees, internally displaced persons; persons released from correctional institutions, as well as long-term unemployed. The Law of the Russian Federation on employment of the population and other regulations for such groups of the population provide for the creation of specialized enterprises and organizations, the creation of additional jobs, a special mode of work (part-time work, shortened working hours, home work). The state program for ensuring employment of the population also provides for the decentralization of industry, its transfer to rural areas and small towns, the creation of small enterprises, the expansion of the service sector and other measures. An important positive aspect of the state's activity to reduce the severity of unemployment today is some stabilization of the economic situation in the country, the fight against inflation, although not very active, but still real steps to improve the living standards of the population. Such a policy of the state is quite adequate and socially justified, since the elimination or mitigation of the factors that cause unemployment is an indispensable condition for achieving social and economic stability and successful reforms. The considered aspects of unemployment relate mainly to general issues related to its social roots, causes, state employment policy, but this is only one side of the problem. The second most directly concerns specific citizens. Unemployment leads to a significant decrease in the standard of living, an increase in mental illness, mortality, an increase in the number of suicides and crime, a deterioration in family relations, etc. People are acutely worried about the lack of demand for their knowledge, professional experience, and a change in social status. Studies have recorded very low psychological qualities formed in the unemployed: a low level of social courage, compliance, conformism, pessimism and caution in behavior, distrust and skepticism, and a persistent marginal emotional state. There is a so-called personality deprivation. В sociological sense deprivation is experienced by those who have significantly less access to a certain set of goods than the majority of the population. Such people are characterized by a sharp isolation, low social mobility, and an invariable position in society. A person can be considered deprived if he finds himself in a disadvantaged position in at least four of the six positions of inequality: in work, the implementation of interests, the availability of an apartment, material conditions, lifestyle, state of health. If it is infringed to a lesser extent, ™ is at risk of deprivation. In modern society, the deprived part of the population is the "new" poor. В psychological sense deprivation is subjective sensations and psychosomatic reactions of a person caused by insufficient load on sensory analyzers in a person in conditions of partial limitation of living conditions, which is unemployment. The depth, persistence and reversibility (or irreversibility) of the violations occurring are determined by the duration of the impact of the adverse factor, its nature, as well as the personality characteristics of the individual who has been exposed to it. To overcome this socio-psychological anomaly, a state social policy is needed, aimed at curbing unemployment, maintaining the standard of living achieved by people, expanding access to education and advanced training. Otherwise, it can lead to irreversible processes in the social and spiritual spheres, an increase in social tension in society and its destabilization. Authors: Gubanov V.M., Mikhailov L.A., Solomin V.P.
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