The procedure for assessing the stability of the functioning of economic objects under the influence of damaging factors. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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The procedure for assessing the stability of the functioning of economic objects under the influence of damaging factors. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

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Traditionally under sustainability of the functioning of the object of the economy is understood as its ability to produce products of the established volume and range or perform other functional tasks in emergency situations of peacetime and wartime.

Problem improving the stability of the facility is becoming increasingly important in today's environment. This is due to a number of reasons, the main ones being:

high depreciation of fixed production assets, especially at enterprises of the chemical complex, oil and gas, metallurgical and mining industries and a slowdown in the renewal of these funds;
increasing the technological capacity of production, increasing the volume of transportation, storage and use of hazardous substances, materials and products, as well as the accumulation of production waste that poses a threat to the population and the environment;
increasing the likelihood of military conflicts and terrorist acts.

Increasing the stability of the operation of an economic facility in emergency situations involves a set of measures to prevent or reduce the threat to the life and health of personnel and those living near the population, reduce material damage, as well as prepare for emergency rescue and other urgent work. To achieve these goals, organizational, engineering and technical and special measures are taken to ensure the operation of enterprises, institutions and other facilities, taking into account the risk of an emergency. Measures are taken to prevent industrial accidents or catastrophes, protect personnel and the population living nearby from the impact of damaging factors, reduce material damage and promptly carry out emergency rescue and other urgent work.

The modern object of the economy is a complex organizational and technical system, therefore its functioning directly depends on the stability of its constituent elements.

The main of these elements are:

buildings and structures of production workshops, protective structures of civil defense;
utility, energy, technological and other networks;
machine tool and technological equipment;
production management system;
logistics and transport system, etc.

The degree and nature of the damage to these elements depend on the parameters of the damaging factors, the distance from the object to the source of the emergency, the technical characteristics of buildings, structures and equipment, the layout of the object, meteorological conditions. Assessment of the sustainability of the functioning of the object of the economy and its elements is usually determined in the following sequence.

1. Determine the expected parameters of the damaging factors of sources of emergency situations that will affect the stability of the object of the economy (earthquake intensity, excess pressure in the air shock wave front, heat flux density, wave height and maximum speed, area and duration of flooding, etc.) .

2. Determine the parameters of secondary damaging factors that occur when exposed to sources of emergency situations, and calculate the impact zone.

3. Determine the value of the critical parameter (the maximum value of the parameter of the damaging factor, at which the functioning of the object is not disturbed) and the value of the critical radius (the minimum distance from the source of damaging factors, at which the functioning of the object is not disturbed).

4. Establish the characteristics of the object (the number of buildings and structures, building density, the largest working shift, the provision of civil defense protective structures, the design of buildings and structures, the characteristics of equipment, utility networks, terrain, etc.).

When solving the problems of increasing the stability of an object, the principle of equal resistance to all damaging factors is observed. This principle consists in bringing the protection of buildings, structures and equipment of the facility to such an appropriate level at which their failure can occur at approximately the same distance from the source of the emergency. In this case, protection from one damaging factor is decisive. Such defining protection, as a rule, is taken protection against a shock wave. For example, it is inappropriate to increase the resistance of a building to the effects of light radiation if it is located at such a distance from the center (epicenter) of the explosion, at which it will be completely or severely destroyed under the action of a shock wave.

To assess the physical stability of the elements of the object, it is necessary to have stability indicators (criteria). As such indicators, the critical parameter and the critical radius are used. They allow assessing the stability of an object under the influence of any damaging factor without taking into account the simultaneous impact of other damaging factors on it, as well as with the simultaneous action of several damaging factors and determining the most dangerous of them.

When assessing the reliability of the production personnel protection system, which is based on civil defense protective structures, it should be taken into account that it should protect against peacetime and wartime emergencies.

If the capacity of the civil defense protective structures available at the facility does not provide shelter for the required number of personnel, then the possibility of building new ones is being studied, as well as all basements and other buried premises are identified, their protective properties and the possibility of adaptation for protection are assessed. In the suburban area assigned to the facility, all premises and structures (residential buildings, basements, cellars, vegetable stores) that can be adapted for PRU are also checked. Their capacity, protective properties are estimated, the scope of work, the necessary materials, the amount of labor for their conversion are determined.

The notification system is evaluated by the timeliness of bringing the notification signal to the employees of the economic facility.

In addition, the training of production personnel in methods of protection against emergency situations is assessed.

The assessment of the sustainability of the operation of the object is carried out by a commission to improve the sustainability of the functioning of the object of the economy, headed by the chairman (chief engineer or head of the production department).

The committee usually consists of the following groups:

a working group on assessing the stability of buildings and structures (the senior group is the deputy head of the capital construction facility or the head of the capital construction department);
a working group on assessing the sustainability of utility and energy networks (senior of the group - chief power engineer);
working group for assessing the stability of machine and process equipment (senior group - chief mechanic);
working group on assessing the sustainability of the technological process (senior group - chief technologist);
working group on assessing the sustainability of production management (senior group - head of the production department);
a working group on assessing the sustainability of logistics and transport (senior of the group - deputy head of the facility for logistics).

In addition, specialists from research and design organizations may be involved in the work of the commission.

The stability assessment of the object is carried out on the basis of the order of the head, the calendar plan of the main activities for the preparation and determination of sustainability, the plan for determining sustainability. The order indicates the purpose, tasks and time of the necessary work, the composition of the participants, the tasks of the working groups, the deadlines for submitting reporting documentation. In the calendar plan for the preparation and determination of sustainability, the main activities and the timing of their implementation, the responsible executors, the forces and means involved in the task are indicated. The plan for determining the sustainability of the operation of the object is the main document, which indicates the content of the work of the chairman of the commission and working groups.

Based on the results of the work, the commission prepares a general report, which reflects the following issues:

the possibility of protecting employees and their families in protective structures of civil defense at the facility and in the suburban area;
general assessment of the stability of the facility and the most vulnerable areas of production;
practical measures that need to be taken in peacetime and during a period of military threat in order to increase the stability of the operation of the facility in wartime.

These activities can be singled out in a separate schedule of activities to improve the sustainability of the operation of the facility. They include, as a rule, works that do not require large capital investments, significant labor costs and time. This may be the construction of the simplest shelters; bunding of containers with flammable liquids and hazardous chemicals; fastening with braces of high unstable structures (pipes, towers, columns, etc.); sprinkling with soil of semi-buried rooms; manufacturing and installation of protective structures (casings, tents, caps, umbrellas) to protect equipment from damage during the collapse of building elements; hiding stocks of scarce spare parts and assemblies; installation of additional shut-off valves on utility and energy networks; reducing pressure in gas networks, alerting autonomous power plants; filling reserve tanks with water; deepening or embankment of utility networks; carrying out fire prevention measures.

Authors: Smirnov A.T., Shakhramanyan M.A., Durnev R.A., Kryuchek N.A.

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