Heat and sunstroke. Health care

FUNDAMENTALS OF FIRST AID
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Heat and sunstroke. Health care

Fundamentals of First Aid (OPMP)

Heat and sunstroke - an acutely developing painful condition caused by overheating of the body as a result of prolonged exposure to high ambient temperature.

The reason for such overheating of the body is the difficult heat transfer from the surface of the body, associated with high temperature and humidity of the environment in the absence of air movement (for example, a long stay in a hot, humid workshop, in tight clothes that make it difficult to evaporate), and increased heat production that occurs during intensive physical work.

Excessive direct exposure on hot days to direct sunlight (ultraviolet part of the spectrum) on the head, but without signs of overheating, can cause brain damage - the so-called sunstroke. Its consequences do not occur immediately, but after 4-8 hours after exposure.

The manifestation of heat stroke and sunstroke are similar to each other. Initially, the victim feels tired, headache, weakness, lethargy, drowsiness, dizziness. There are pains in the legs, in the back, tinnitus, darkening in the eyes, nausea, sometimes short-term loss of consciousness, vomiting. Later, shortness of breath occurs, the pulse quickens, the heartbeat increases. If appropriate measures are taken during this period, the disease does not develop further.

In the absence of assistance and the continued presence of the victim in the same conditions, a serious condition quickly develops due to damage to the central nervous system. The face turns pale, a bluish tint appears, severe shortness of breath occurs, the pulse becomes frequent, it is difficult to feel. The patient loses consciousness, there are muscle cramps, delirium, hallucinations. Body temperature rises to 41°C and above. The patient's condition deteriorates sharply, breathing becomes uneven, the pulse ceases to be determined, and the patient may die in the next few hours as a result of respiratory paralysis and cardiac arrest.

It should be especially noted that in children, the development of heat and sunstroke often occurs suddenly. This is due to the immaturity of the central nervous system of the child, where pathological changes develop first. In addition, the physiological effect of sunlight on the child's body is more intense, since the surface area of the skin in young children is relatively smaller than that of an adult.

The sequence of PMP measures for heat or sunstroke:

Move the victim to a cool, shady place.

Take off clothes, cool the victim (pour cold water, apply ice or cold objects to the occipital region of the head and to the back of the neck, as well as to the area of the cervical, axillary, inguinal vessels; place the victim in a cool bath, pour a cool shower over, wrap in wet sheets).

Lay down the victim, slightly raising the legs with the help of a roller of clothing placed under the knees.

Establish air movement and accelerated evaporation of moisture (fan, fanning the victim).

If a person is conscious, he can be given strong cold tea or lightly salted cold water.

In the event that the victim has lost consciousness, bring a cotton swab moistened with ammonia.

When vomiting, turn your head to the side so that the vomit does not get into the airways.

If the victim is unconscious, breathing, the pulse is not felt, and the pupils are dilated and do not react to light, it is necessary to start cardiopulmonary resuscitation by calling an ambulance.

Measures to prevent heat and sunstroke:

Avoid prolonged exposure to the sun.

Protect your head with a light, light headdress.

Wear light, loose-fitting clothing, preferably light-colored and that won't prevent sweat from evaporating.

In hot weather, do not eat too much and do not drink a lot of fluids. Give preference to dairy products and vegetables.

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

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