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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Home robots. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us Today, robots are being created that can perform many of the functions inherent in humans. First of all, we are talking about automata programmed to perform a number of mechanical operations, which, however, require some intellectual effort. So, in Thailand, they developed a model of the world's first security robot. The machine is controlled by a password via... the Internet. The device is equipped with video surveillance cameras and touch sensors that can respond to moving objects and temperature changes. In addition, the robot is equipped with firearms, which can be used if necessary. Of course, all actions of the metal guard depend on the operator's commands.
And in the US, the robot replaces the nurse. A mechanical assistant named Lil Jeff works at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York. His duties include distributing and serving instruments to doctors. A special navigation device allows Jeff to move in the right direction. He can also speak, although there are only a few phrases in his vocabulary - "Thank you", "Please take the tools." If a malfunction occurs in his mechanism, he shouts: "I'm stuck, call the operator!" The original robot was invented by American scientist Stuart Wilkinson. The automaton is charged with energy thanks to ... food. It consists of three containers, controlled by a motor, inside which is a microbiological environment of bacteria. When processing food, bacteria release heat energy, which is converted into electricity. The more proteins and carbohydrates in the products, the more energy is released. Wilkinson himself during the experiments "fed" the robot with sugar, but the meat, in his opinion, will contribute to more efficient work. By the way, the robot, from "birth" bearing the name Gastronome, received the nickname Yum-Yum during the demonstration. The spectators, who gathered for the show, were most interested in the question: can a car of this class be dangerous for a person? What if, having exhausted the supply of energy, she decides to feast on the operator? Reality exceeds the wildest expectations of science fiction writers: robots really have everything like people. Even reproduction! In the United States, a computer system has been created that can reproduce robots without human intervention. The inventors are Hod Lipson and Jordan Popluk of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The task of the system is to reproduce the simplest model of a mechanism that can move horizontally in space. At the initial stage, the computer develops thousands of virtual projects that imitate the processes of evolution of the flora and fauna, then selects the best option and the necessary components. Information is transmitted to an automatic installation that is directly involved in assembling the mechanism. Until recently, the use of domestic, domestic robots could only be read on the pages of science fiction novels. But time passes, technologies develop, and everything that yesterday seemed like a pipe dream is becoming a reality today. Some of the home robots can perform various functions, while others are designed for a specific job. Multifunctional home robot R100 was developed in the central research laboratory of the Japanese company NEC. It was equipped with tools for recognizing visual images, voice and communication capabilities via the Internet. Such a robot is able to recognize individuals, receive voice commands and move around the house, bypassing obstacles such as tables and chairs. According to representatives of the company, the robot of this model is able to recognize various family members and even ask how it can help. With built-in Internet access, the R100 notifies you when you receive e-mail. Aleksey Fedorov analyzes the capabilities of the robot in the Computer-Press magazine: "Let's look at the main features of the R100, the "brain" of which is represented by an Intel 486DX4 processor with a clock frequency of 75 MHz. The robot's vision is implemented on the basis of two video cameras that allow it to bypass obstacles, calculate distances to objects and recognize people. To recognize the floor plan and objects that are in it in a stationary or moving state, the R100 uses stereoscopic video processing of the signals coming to the cameras in real time.The same video cameras allow it to recognize and remember faces.With the help of programming, you can set the robot the names of people he knows, in which case he will greet members families.In addition, built-in video cameras allow the robot to move after the person who is talking to him. Stereoscopic video processing of the signals received by the cameras allows the R100 to move through the rooms at a speed of 60 centimeters per second, avoiding collision with various obstacles that are encountered on its way. Hears the R100 with three directional microphones to detect the direction of a sound or voice. For example, if you call a robot, it will turn to face the caller. Microphones also serve to recognize speech in the volume of those words that are stored in the robot's memory. In addition to microphones, the robot is equipped with six ultra-sensitive sensors that allow it to immediately stop when it detects any nearby object or when a person approaches. The robot is capable of saying your name, answering questions, letting you know when you've received email, and even reading email and dancing to music." Of course, the robot does not have feelings. Nevertheless, the R100 is able to recognize both touches to the sensors located in its head, and their type: stroking, slapping, etc., to which it reacts accordingly. The robot can respond to changes in temperature, light, change in time of day, and its own battery capacity, as the built-in sensors help the robot measure the temperature and brightness of the light. In R100, speech recognition and video information analysis is carried out by a personal computer. The robot is connected to it via a radio channel. In future models, the robot will be equipped with its own on-board computer. The robot software consists of a set of expandable modules: a mechanics controller, an image recorder, sensor control, a motion library, and a decision machine. All software modules are independent of each other and are easily updated. The capabilities of the robot can be expanded by adding new software modules. The robot, equipped with cameras and microphones, is capable of recording video messages and playing them on a TV screen. If necessary, R100 can also turn on and off the TV, lights and other household appliances. In the absence of owners, the robot "controls" the house. In the event that the robot detects something unusual, it immediately captures it on a video camera and can send the data to the specified email address. When the robot has nothing to do, he wanders around the house, saying hello to people he meets along the way, or whistling a tune. If you do not like such liberties, then all these functions can be turned off. Then the R100 will sit quietly in the corner until someone calls him. When the battery power gets low, R100 calls for help from the owners. Another robot, whose name is Cye, was developed by the American firm Robotics Inc. Unlike its Japanese counterpart, it is not as versatile and can perform some rather monotonous tasks. The 40x25x40 cm Cye is capable of operating a cordless vacuum cleaner, delivering regular mail and performing other tasks such as "helping" with cleaning dishes, delivering drinks, etc. The company "Electrolux" has developed a robot vacuum cleaner. In the US, it is marketed under the brand name Eureka. This compact robot, whose diameter is equal to forty centimeters, performs only one operation, but it does it very carefully. This is facilitated by a powerful processor, firmware and sensor system. The robot works like this. First of all, the robot examines the perimeter of the room, "remembers" all the objects that may meet on the way. His next action is dust collection. The robot goes around the perimeter of the room and then crosses it randomly. As it works, the vacuum cleaner bypasses furniture, electrical cords, and also climbs into corners that are inaccessible to a conventional vacuum cleaner. The round shape of the vacuum cleaner allows it to never get lost in corners, under sofas and other hard-to-reach places. In addition, its soft edges do not spoil the furniture.
The robot vacuum cleaner can work for an hour without recharging. After that, it must be placed on a special stand, where it is charged for approximately two hours. To date, this model is completely autonomous. However, "Electrolux" is not going to stop there. The company is already considering the possibility of creating a more advanced version of the robot vacuum cleaner controlled via a computer over the air. The Swedish company Husqvarna has created a Solar Mower robot lawn mower powered by solar energy. It has built-in polycrystalline cells that receive energy and charge the built-in battery with it. The robot is able to monitor the lawn throughout the season, maintaining a given level of grass. To prevent the electronic lawn mower from getting carried away, the perimeter of the lawn is marked with a special cable, the presence of which is detected by the robot's sensors. Lawn mowing is performed by horizontal movements along a given perimeter, taking into account flower beds and trees. The robot can also be controlled via radio from a special remote control. It seems that the days when children were content with plush toys and various varieties of Barbie will soon sink into oblivion. It is likely that talking interactive dolls will soon lose popularity. New time, new toys. They are being replaced by "digital creatures", unknown electronic animals. The process of increasing the intellectual level of the once always obedient toys began a long time ago. But the real world of intellectual toys split in two after the appearance of the AIBO electromechanical dog. AIBO is an abbreviation for Artificial Intelligence Robot (artificial intelligence robot), which is also consonant with the Japanese word for "companion, friend." It is difficult to determine who this miracle of technology is - the Western press unequivocally calls the Japanese invention a dog, and representatives of the manufacturer - the Sony company - tried to convince that it is "more like a lion than a dog." The first limited edition of AIBO ERS-110 electronic dogs (5000 pieces) at the end of 1999 was completely sold out in just 18 minutes. Very quickly, considering that each playful dog cost as much as two and a half thousand dollars.
“By and large, AIBO is the development of the Tamagotchi ideology, only “life-size,” writes Vladimir Bogdanov in the Computer-Press magazine. “The puppy “understands” the owner’s attitude and gradually turns into an adult dog (not physically, but emotionally). Sensors are built into the "Aibo" paws, and a special camera and infrared sensors allow the puppy to keep a distance and not bump into walls. "Aibo" "understands" when he is gently stroked on the head, and when he is given a slap. the dog shows off with a wagging tail and a green glow of LED eyes.At the right moment, he can scratch himself in a funny way, catching "electronic fleas". Like any puppy, AIBO will first have to "grow up" and learn a lot. The first day he has to learn to just walk and sit, but, fortunately, the puppy grows by leaps and bounds (which is beyond the power of squirrel dogs). On the second day, the electronic puppy already walks confidently and learns to play ball. And while maintaining an active lifestyle in 4 months, the puppy turns into a fully mature dog. In general, Sony engineers, according to dog owners, have achieved truly wonderful results - they created the illusion of puppy evolution, successfully imitated AIBO's "character" and algorithms for adjusting to a specific owner. AIBO is "trained" by the carrot and stick method. If he is praised for something, then he tends to repeat these actions, and vice versa. Developers from Sony even claim that due to frequent reproaches, the puppy may be offended or depressed. No wonder a team of former neural network developers worked on AIBO. A charge of lithium-ion batteries is enough for a puppy for 1,5 hours. The owner can give AIBO a command using the tone remote control: AIBO, for example, starts dancing or playing with a pink ball. The developers have tried to ensure that the electronic dog reliably perform somersaults inherent in "protein" puppies - scratching, somersaulting on the floor and others. The electronic puppy has 18 motors acting as joints and six preset emotions (joy, sadness, anger, surprise, fear and dislike). In addition to infrared sensors in the eyes, AIBO has sensors in its paw pads and microphones in its ears. The balance of the puppy is controlled by a built-in gyroscope, and a special temperature sensor will not allow AIBO to overheat in hot weather." Especially touching is the meeting of Aibo with robots of previous modifications - the "dog" begins to wag its tail and genuinely rejoice. Aibo's instincts and conditioned reflexes are controlled by a 64-bit microprocessor. Information about the outside world and programs are stored, of course, in a flash memory plate with a capacity of 8 MB. While the puppy is not able to climb up the stairs, run and much more. But the main drawback is that the toy cannot show sincere devotion, understand the owner and feel his mood. However, the additional Aibo software allows you to "teach" the puppy new tricks and exchange "characters" with other fans of electronic dog breeding. In addition to the IDT MIPS RISC processor and an 8 MB flash memory plate for storing programs, the puppy is equipped with 16 MB of internal memory, distance, pressure, acceleration and temperature sensors, a built-in microphone, speakers, and a CCD video camera. The dog weighs approximately 1,3 kilograms. Available colors - silver and black metallic. Aibo ERS-210 has recently appeared - this is a modification of the "first generation" ERS-110 and ERS-111. But even the fact that the new AIBO costs almost half the price of its predecessor does not make it an affordable product. Nevertheless, another hysteria begins in Japan. Aibo-branded products appear - clothing, accessories for mobile phones and computers, as well as a monthly magazine and a website on the Internet. A special paid service has even been created for owners of an electronic dog who are interested, for example, why their pet, when commanded to "sit", began to joyfully jump on the floor. And at the end of 2000, exhibitions dedicated to Aibo were held in the main cities of Japan. In addition to Aibo, a number of other electronic pets have been created. For example, the electronic kitten Tata was conceived by the Japanese corporation "Matsushita Electric" not just as a toy, but also as a therapeutic tool for the elderly. According to experts, one of the most promising projects in this area is the design and simulation of Robokoneko (in Japanese - "robot kitten"): a self-learning (evolving) robot with artificial intelligence. The robot kitten will have to have not only perfect mechanics, but also an artificial brain, consisting of 16000 neural network modules. Kitten is an intermediate project within the framework of creating an artificial brain CAM-Rain with a capacity of one billion artificial neurons. For comparison, there are 14 billion nerve cells in the human brain, of which about four percent are used. 16000 artificial neuromodules of the kitten are built on the basis of software-defined FPGA chips. The rate of evolution of the "cat's brain" is 100 billion updates per second. According to Vladimir Bogdanov: “Household robots for entertainment and prototypes of household assistant robots, which are now and then shown to a wide audience, are, in my opinion, pitiful echoes of those solutions that are created in military laboratories. Flying mini-robots the size of a fly, controlled underwater fish robots, electronic flying reconnaissance birds - all this is far from a fantasy.It is in the field of creating military robots that the country's powerful scientific resources are concentrated, which do not deny the possibility of man-made wars in the future.In this sense, examples of mini-robots remain quite seditious from series like The X-Files or LEXX. However, the conversion of many "dual-use" ideas in the next five years should lead to the emergence of mass models of new household robots. But first, the most inexpensive branded solutions ($ 30-100) and imitations in the style of the same AIBO dogs or Tata cats (remember how rapidly the Tamagotchi fakes spread) will be removed. The era of mass robot assistants (like the NEC R100) will come in 10 years. By that time, their price will reach a reasonable level, and the quality of the voice interface implementation will become quite acceptable. It is these household robots that I like the most. Even if these "vanki" will only be able to shoot e-mail or, at the first call, run from all wheels to turn on the TV - this is already a lot. And so, you see, in 30 years the first uniquely tailless "models for entertainment" will appear, which Harrison Ford was chasing in the movie "Blade Runner". Author: Musskiy S.A.
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