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Space data transmission using a laser

31.05.2023

A team of researchers from NASA, MIT, Terran Orbital and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) ground station has set a record for transmitting data to an earth station using laser communications. The satellite was able to transmit data at a speed of 200 Gbps.

With such indicators, you can transfer more than 2 terabytes of data in one 5-minute pass over the ground station. Communication is provided by the TeraByte InfraRed Delivery (TBIRD) system, located at an altitude of about 530 km above the Earth's surface.

Located aboard NASA's Pathfinder Technology Demonstrator 3 (PTD-3) satellite, TBIRD was launched into orbit as part of the joint SpaceX Transporter-5 mission on May 25, 2022. The PTD-3 satellite weighs approximately 12 kg, and its TBIRD payload is no larger than a box of tissues.

Launched into space last May, the laser reached 100 Gb/s downlink speed by June with a ground-based receiver in California. This was 100 times faster than the high speed Internet in most cities, and more than 1000 times faster than the radio links traditionally used to receive data from satellites.

The fastest data networks on Earth are usually based on laser fiber communications. However, high-speed laser Internet for satellites does not yet exist. Space agencies and commercial satellite operators most often use radio communications.

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It is calculated that the maximum mass of the lightest neutrino is 0,086 electron volts (about 1,5 x 10-37 kilograms), and the combined mass of the "cocktail" of three types of neutrinos does not exceed 0,26 electron volts. The researchers were able to obtain such numbers by analyzing a large amount of data. They combined information from experiments in particle accelerators and nuclear reactors with observations of cosmic microwave background radiation and exploding stars. They also used data from a spectroscopic study of baryon oscillations to measure the expansion rate of the universe. The data of cosmological observations allowed scientists to make more accurate calculations, since a non-zero neutrino mass can influence the results of these studies.

Understanding how much a neutrino weighs is important for future cosmological studies such as DESI and Euclid, whose mission is to accurately measure the acceleration of the expansion of the universe in order to better understand the geometry of dark matter and dark energy.

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