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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SONY PLAYSTATION. Color no problem. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Телевидение Many owners of radio equipment prefer to use only “branded” household appliances. However, it should be remembered that “branded” is not always universal. This also applies to PlayStation video game consoles imported from foreign countries. They often refuse to work with laser discs also purchased abroad, and even more so on the local market. The author of this article has already talked about some ways to overcome this problem, here he continues this topic. Sony produces exclusively localized versions of "PlayStation". Each of them is designed for television and other standards used in a specific region, and is intended for use only there. The main parameters by which these options differ are given in table. 1. To adapt the “American” or “Japanese” set-top box to a 220 V 50 Hz power supply. It is enough to have a step-down transformer. It turns out that the problem of differences in television standards is quite simple to solve.
The television standard for which the purchased video set-top box is designed can be determined not only by the inscription “PAL” or “NTSC” on the label glued to the bottom of its case, but also by the last digit of the model number: set-top boxes SCPH-xxx1 - “American”, SCPH- xxx2 - "European". In difficult cases, the answer will be given by the frequency of the X201 quartz oscillator on the processor board [1]: 53.2 MHz - PAL. 53,69 MHz - NTSC. The standard of the game program is usually indicated on the cover of the disc case. This is indirectly indicated by the “geography” of the company, the name of which appears on the TV screen while loading the game: “Sony Computer Entertainment Europe” produces games in the PAL standard. a "Sony Computer Entertainment America" - NTSC. The standard can be accurately determined by the frequency of frame sync pulses in the video signal generated by the set-top box. For PAL it is 50, for NTSC it is slightly less than 60 Hz. Discs of both standards are found quite often in the markets of CIS countries. Moreover, the “craftsmen” involved in Russification of programs manage to record games in different television standards onto one laser disk. Branded video consoles fully work only with discs of “their” standard. If there is a mismatch (for example, a PAL set-top box is an NTSC disk, or vice versa), game programs can be launched, but the image on the TV screen is not color, but black and white. Connecting a video set-top box to the most modern TV with a decoder that automatically determines the method of transmitting color signals, in this situation Does not help. To understand the reason for this phenomenon, let's consider the methods used in the PlayStation to control the formation of a television signal. A fragment of the diagram of the SCPH-1998, SCPM-1001 video consoles produced until mid-5501. SCPH-5502 is shown in Fig. 1, a. The RGB-PAL/NTSC encoder (chip IC501' CXA1645M) is supplied with P/N and PCLK signals from the graphics coprocessor (chip IC203 CXD8561BQ). The logical level of the first of them sets the standard of the generated video signal, the frequency of the second is equal to the frequency of the color subcarrier. In a graphics coprocessor, the PCLK signal is obtained by dividing the frequency of the GCLK clock signal. coming from the X201 crystal oscillator. As mentioned above, the GCLK frequency is 53,2 MHz in the “European” and 53.69 MHz in the “American” versions of the console. Regardless of the standard of the video set-top box, the graphics coprocessor sets the division factor n and the logical signal level P/N. analyzing the data contained in the game program.
All possible combinations are given in table. 2. It is easy to notice that a discrepancy between standards leads to the formation of television signals with incorrect color subcarrier frequency values. TV decoders, not detecting a subcarrier of the required frequency, do not turn on the color channel, and the image remains black and white.
In later PlayStation models (SCPH-7002. SCPH-7502. SCPH-9002), the standard of the generated television signal is controlled according to the scheme shown in Fig. 1, b. To obtain clock signals, a programmable frequency generator (IC204 CY2081-SL-509T microcircuit from Cypress Semiconductor) is used. It contains three independent frequency synthesis channels, and at the output of each of them the frequency can be either higher or lower than the standard one set by the X201 quartz resonator. The division or multiplication factors are stored in IC204's internal ROM, which is programmed at the factory, and cannot be changed. As a result, the frequency of the PCLK signal is not tuned and is always equal to 4,43 MHz. The P/N standard selection signal, as before, is generated by the graphics coprocessor (CXD8561 chip of any modification). Its logic level depends on the information read from the laser disk. The output of the encoder (chip IC502 CXA2106R or H7240AKV) produces a television signal with a color subcarrier frequency of 4,43 MHz, modulated according to the PAL or NTSC standard. This is enough to obtain a color image on a TV screen with a multi-standard decoder. If the TV is not capable of receiving NTSC signals, the image when working with a disc of this standard will be black and white. To guarantee the receipt of a color image, the video set-top box must always generate a PAL video signal. To do this, simply connect the P/N input of the encoder to the common wire, disconnecting it from the same output of the graphics coprocessor. In older set-top boxes, it is also necessary to supply a clock signal of the standard PAL frequency of 4.43 MHz to the PCLK input of the encoder. These modifications are shown in Fig. 1, a and b with crosses (conductor breaks) and a dashed line. Although when working with NTSC discs the image field frequency will remain equal to 60 Hz rather than 50 Hz, the frame synchronization systems of the vast majority of TVs can handle this quite well. The problem arises where to get the PCLK signal with a frequency of 4,43 MHz. If an adaptation unit [2] is installed in the set-top box, this signal is sent from it to the encoder. Otherwise, you need to generate it separately. If you have a small-sized quartz resonator with a frequency of 4,433619 MHz, assemble a generator using a transistor (its diagram is shown in Fig. 2) or using TTL logic elements (the diagram is in Fig. 3).
By selecting or adjusting a capacitor connected in series with the resonator ZQ1. set the exact frequency value for maximum stability of the color image. The setting is quite sharp. For example, when setting up a transistor version of the generator, the image became black and white when the capacitance of capacitor C2 was less than 10 and more than 24 pF. If the required quartz resonator is not available, you can divide the GCLK frequency of 12 MHz by 53.2. Divider circuits on KR1533 series microcircuits are shown in Fig. 4, b. They differ in the duty cycle of the output pulses. As the test showed, the RGB-PAL/NTSC encoder of the video set-top box works reliably with any of them. It is only necessary that the PCLK signal swing be within 0,3...5 V. Low-resistance matching resistors R1 at the input of the dividers, reducing the reflection of high-frequency components of the signal, eliminate “ringing” at the pulse edges. In many cases, the input can be connected to the signal source without a resistor.
The operation of KR1533 series counters at frequencies close to the maximum has some features. For example, in the first stage of the frequency divider, it is unacceptable to set the conversion factor by applying output signals to the reset input R. During a short period of the input signal, the counter triggers will not have time to return to their original state. In the KR1533IE5 microcircuit, the cascade with input C1 is faster. If a 53,2 MHz signal is applied to input C2, and only then using input C1, the division may be unstable. For these reasons, in the first two versions of the divider it was necessary to use two microcircuits instead of one, and in the third version, the frequency of the GCLK signal was first divided by four and then by three (but not vice versa). In conclusion, here are some practical recommendations for improving consoles. Typically, the required circuits are broken by carefully cutting out small sections of printed conductors. In the first PlayStation models, you can instead unsolder pins 6 and 7 of the CXA1654M encoder chip from the contact pads and raise pins 1 and 2. and then apply the necessary signals to them with thin wires (see Fig. 1, a). Resistor R203 can be replaced with a jumper, and capacitor C502 can be removed. It is strictly not recommended to try to solder the thin pins of the IC1 graphics coprocessor or ICXNUMX encoder (see Fig. XNUMX, b). This. as a rule, leads to broken leads or difficult to remove solder flow onto adjacent pads. Generators or frequency dividers are assembled on small printed circuit boards measuring approximately 30x40 mm. It is advisable to use one-sided foil fiberglass and place all the parts on the foil side without making holes for the leads. Such a board is glued to the back side of the PlayStation processor board and connected to the encoder chip and power circuits with conductors up to 120 mm long. An alternative option is to attach the divider or generator chips to the terminals, soldering them directly to the contact pads of the processor board, to which the corresponding signals are supplied or removed. The rest of the installation is mounted. The processor board should be protected from short circuits using an insulating pad made of adhesive tape. Another original way is to cut out additional contact pads from large-area printed conductors existing on the processor board, for example, from a common wire bus. This will give the structure the necessary rigidity. The gap between the video console body and the processor board, in which the additional device must fit, is small. Therefore, all parts are chosen to be small in size. Resistors - OMLT-0.125. S2-23-0.062, capacitors - KM-56, KT4-25. KT4-27. Trimmer capacitor C1 in the generator according to the circuit shown in Fig. 3, it is permissible to replace it with a constant one by selecting its capacity. In many cases, capacitor C3 is not needed and is replaced with a jumper. Quartz resonator ZQ1 - RK188MA-VM-2 or suitable imported one. Transistor VT1 - any low-power high-frequency p-pn structure. As inverters DD 1.1-DD1.3 in the generator according to the circuit shown in Fig. 3. AND-NOR, NOR-NOT elements of any TTL microcircuits will work if the inputs of each of them are connected together. In the divider according to the circuit shown in Fig. 5, DD2 chip can be K155IE5 or K555IE5.
All devices considered are powered by the +5 V voltage available on the PlayStation processor board. The required circuit can be easily found by focusing on the three-pin integrated stabilizer TA78M05F (IC601). Current consumed by dividers. - no more than 30 mA. and with generators - several times less. A blocking capacitor with a capacity of 0,1 μF is installed in close proximity to the power terminals and the common wire of the generator or divider microcircuits. If the length of the connecting conductors does not exceed 50 mm, this capacitor is not necessary.
Literature
Author: S.Ryumik, Chernihiv, Ukraine
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