История психологии. Эволюция бихевиоризма (самое важное)

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История психологии. Эволюция бихевиоризма (самое важное)

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64. EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIORISM

Initially, behaviorism was concerned with the study of the direct relationship between stimulus and response, which is necessary for the individual to more quickly adapt to the world around him. Behaviorism arose on the basis of two directions: positivism and pragmatism, according to which research should be based only on objective facts, knowledge about a person should be sufficiently complete.

By the end of 1920 - beginning of the 1930s. such a direction of behaviorism as neobehaviorism appeared. He introduced the concept that there are so-called intermediate variables between stimulus and response. Behaviorists conducted their first studies on animals. And only when it was possible to speak with confidence about sufficiently deep knowledge in the field of behavioral reactions, the subject of the study was a person. According to scientists, human behavior can be shaped under the influence of pre-prepared external stimuli. But behaviorists did not take into account the fact that human behavior and all activities are determined by certain motives and goals. Therefore, this gives reason to believe that behaviorism is imperfect in theoretical and methodological terms. It can also be assumed that it did not meet the original plans of the researchers. Most behavioral scientists who continued the study of human behavioral reactions, not without reason, pointed out to their followers what consequences could arise as a result of influencing a person with the help of certain stimuli.

In addition to J. Watson, C. L. Hull was engaged in the study of human behavior; he singled out operationalism from behaviorism.

For a long time he tried on the "stimulus-response" formula for various studies in order to test it. Behaviorism arose on the basis of the studies of E. Thorndike, the works of I. P. Pavlov and V. M. Bekhterev.

The subject of behaviorism is human behavior with all its innate and acquired components. J. Watson identified 4 types of reactions that occur in humans: external acquired and external hereditary, internal acquired and internal hereditary.

True, in the course of further research, instinctive and emotional reactions were identified. According to J. Watson, special attention should be paid to the assimilation of new skills and learning. According to this, the skill is acquired through trial and error, so it is almost impossible to control this process.

J. Watson compared human behavior with the behavior of animals, therefore, in his studies, man was considered only as a reacting creature. Behavioral teaching turned out to be far from ideal, since it placed too great demands on rigor and objectivity.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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