History of psychology. The origin of the idea about the cultural and historical laws of people’s spiritual life (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
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History of psychology. The origin of the idea about the cultural and historical laws of people’s spiritual life (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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22. THE ORIGIN OF THE IDEA OF THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL LAWS OF THE SPIRITUAL LIFE OF PEOPLE

During the period of rising capitalism, its representatives considered society to be a product of the interests and needs of certain subjects (N. Machiavelli, D. Locke, etc.).

In the 18th century the sprouts of historicism are emerging. The life of society begins to be understood in the form of a natural, but no longer automatic, ahistorical process. Hereditary factors are presented as primary in relation to the activity of the subject. Although they could not be subjected to historical-materialistic consideration, their search was important for the progress of not only sociological, but also psychological thought.

The Italian philosopher D. Vico (1668-1744) in his work "Foundations of a new science about the general nature of things" suggested that any society gradually passes through three epochs: gods, heroes and people. Despite the utopian nature of this picture, the approach to social phenomena from the standpoint of their natural development was innovative. It was believed that this evolution is due to its own internal causes, and not because of a game of chance or the predictions of an idol. In particular, he combined the emergence of metaphysical thinking with the formation of trade and political life.

The views of D. Vico include the idea of a supra-subjective inner strength inherent in the people as a whole and constituting the fundamental principle of culture and history. In place of the worship of an individual, the veneration of the national spirit was put. Arguing the priority of the historically formed internal forces of society in relation to the activity of an individual, D. Vico discovered a different aspect in the matter of determining the mental.

A number of French and German enlighteners of the XVIII century. placed this aspect at the forefront. The French educator C. Montesquieu (1689-1755) came up with the work "On the Spirit of the Laws", which became banned. In it, contrary to the doctrine of divine providence, it was argued that people are governed by laws that depend on the circumstances of the life of society, primarily geographical conditions.

Another well-known French thinker, J. A. Condorcet (1743-1794), in his "Sketch of a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind" (1794), presented historical formation in the form of endless progress, determined both by external nature and by the interaction of people.

In Germany, the educator Johann Herder (1744-1803), defending in his four-volume work "Ideas in the Philosophy of the History of Mankind" the idea that social phenomena change naturally, explained these modifications as necessary steps in the general development of folk life. Spiritual activity, which distinguishes man from animals, is found, according to I. Herder, directly in the language. In his work On the Origin of Language, he sought to form a historical view of linguistic creativity and connect it with the psychology of thinking.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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