History of psychology. Irrationalism and voluntarism (the most important)

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History of psychology. Irrationalism and voluntarism (the most important)

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29. IRRATIONALISM AND VOLUNTARISM

Irrationalism is an idealistic trend in philosophy that opposes scientific and logical methods of comprehending the laws of the formation of nature and social development with extralogical ("superreasonable") methods.

Unlike rationalism - a trend in the theory of comprehension, formed on the predominance of reason, thinking as a criterion of truth (B. Spinoza, R. Descartes, G. Leibniz, etc.), - irrationalism accepted the patterns of thinking, removal from accepted norms and rules of behavior, the dependence of the conditions of human activity on the impact of natural forces as the causes of certain human manifestations that are not amenable to rational explanation.

The followers of the idealistic philosophical trend (subjective and objective idealism) accepted irrationalism regardless of the consciousness of the existence of matter. Leaning towards religious views, they considered it impossible to expediently comprehend the phenomena of nature.

Voluntarism is an idealistic trend that interprets the importance of the will as a supernatural principle. In idealistic psychology, voluntarism is a theory of the dominance of volitional processes over the mind, where the first is given the leading role in mental life, and the second - the second, dependent value.

Materialistic principles are based on the fact that the will manifests itself in the intentional actions and deeds of a person related to overcoming external or internal obstacles on the way to the intended goals.

The most famous representatives of voluntarism.

Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) - German idealist philosopher who rejected scientific comprehension and historical progress. Voluntarism and "hyperbolization of the subject" became one of the sources of the emergence of the worldview of fascism in Germany.

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) - German philosopher, irrationalist and voluntarist. He was also the ideological predecessor of fascism, preaching the cult of a "strong personality" (superman).

Wilhelm M. Wundt (1832-1920) - German psychologist and idealist philosopher, founder of the scientific trend in the study of psychology. He was the first to introduce experience into physiological and psychological practice, opened an experimental psychological laboratory.

Will in voluntarism is inseparable from its free self-expression. The leading position here is the absolutization of free will, despite certain manifestations of external situations.

As a philosophical trend, voluntarism is alien to the views of its other two central "opponents": fatalism, which does not consider the independence of choice in human behavior and activity, based on the predestination of everything that exists, and Marxist materialism, which did not deny both of these directions.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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