History of psychology. Neo-Freudianism (most important)

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History of psychology. Neo-Freudianism (most important)

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65. NEO-FREUDISM

Neo-Freudianism (N.), or neo-psychoanalysis (lit. - "new understanding of the soul"), is seen as a continuation of Freud's psychoanalysis, but this direction has significantly rebuilt the structure of analysis. In contrast to Freudianism, which put in the first place the biological prerequisites for the emergence of neurosis, N. focuses on sociocultural factors. The main role in human behavior is given to unconscious urges. According to neo-Freudians, the human psyche is socially determined, so the neurotic and normal state of a person depends on his environment. The emergence of N. refers to 1920-1930.

The main researchers of N.: K. Horney, G. Sullivan, E. Fromm, W. Reich, E. Erickson.

Karen Horney (1885-1952) put forward the theory of "cultural-philosophical psychopathology". According to this theory, neurosis was explained by the anxiety that arises when a child interacts with people around him. K. Horney considered innate instincts to be dominant, because in the process of life a person develops and changes internally and externally. In her opinion, there is a certain line between normal development and pathological development, which determines whether a person can be cured or not. A person suffering from neurosis withdraws from his "I" in favor of the ideal "I" that seems to him, he believes that this ideal can provide him with social security. The unconscious feeling of anxiety (according to K. Horney - root anxiety) is based on a feeling of loneliness and helplessness. K. Horney identified two types of anxiety - psychological and physiological. Physiological anxiety is a newborn's fear that parents may not give him the attention he needs. Psychological anxiety is the fear that the ideal and real images of one's own "I" will not unite, only if they are combined, a personality harmonious in all respects is formed.

G. Sullivan (1892-1949) created the theory of "interpersonal psychiatry", according to which in the first place for a person are relations with society, laying the foundation for the development of personality.

E. Fromm (1900-1980), the founder of "humanistic psychoanalysis", put in the first place the achievement by the individual of psychological freedom, which is "encroached upon" by society. A person who does not have the opportunity to gain such freedom refuses true values, agreeing to imaginary ones (most often - the possession of something). The direction of E. Fromm was in many ways ahead of Freudianism and subsequently received a separate, independent development.

W. Reich (1897-1957) believed that behavior is determined by "orgone energy" (the universal energy of love), when blocked, a person becomes aggressive and withdrawn. He, like Z. Freud, advocated a sexual explanation of behavior.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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