History of psychology. Development of the doctrine of neuropsychic functions (the most important)

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History of psychology. Development of the doctrine of neuropsychic functions (the most important)

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18. DEVELOPMENT OF THE DOCTRINE OF NEURO-MENTAL FUNCTIONS

A famous physiologist was the Swiss scientist Albrecht Haller (1708-1777). His work "Fundamentals of Physiology" (1757) is regarded as the dividing line between modern physiology and everything that happened before. From under the deterministic influence of the soul, A. Galler deduced not only purely nervous phenomena, but also an essential part of mental ones. Such phenomena are directly involved in the complex motility of walking, blinking, etc.

A. Galler called the mental elements of these complex dynamics "dark perceptions". Despite provisions proving a compromise with theology, the physiological system of A. Haller was the main link in the formation of materialistic views on neuropsychic phenomena. Explaining these phenomena by the nature of the body itself, and not by factors foreign to it, she supplemented the Cartesian model with new elements. The experiment revealed the characteristic properties of the organism, as real as the other attributes of matter. Haller's "living machine" was, in contrast to Cartesian, the bearer of forces and qualities that machines do not have. Thus, the natural-science prerequisites for a significant shift in the maturation of psychological thought were formed - the transition to understanding the psyche as a property of the formed matter. Not mechanics, but biology became the core of the deterministic consideration of consciousness. This determined the formation of judgments about the reflex on new foundations. If R. Descartes and D. Hartley created this concept on the principles of physics, then the Czech physiologist J. Prochazka (1749-1820), who continued the line of A. Haller, acquired a biological basis. The reflex, according to J. Prochazka, is generated not by an arbitrary external stimulus, but only by one that turns into feeling. Feeling - regardless of whether it turns into a function of consciousness or not - has one general meaning and is called the "compass of life." Developing these lines, Prochazka makes not only feeling, but also more complex types of mental activity, dependent on the task of adapting organisms to the circumstances of life.

In the work "Physiology, or the Doctrine of Man" J. Prochazka argued that the opinion about the reflex should explain the functioning of the nervous system as a whole.

The idea of the inseparable connection of the organism with the external environment was first derived from the principles of a mechanistic worldview.

R. Descartes took as a basis the principle of conservation of momentum, and J. Prochazka - the idea of the universal dependence of the organism on nature. But the beginning of this connection and dependence on it is not the law of conservation of momentum, but the law of self-preservation of a living body, which is fulfilled only under the circumstances of the implementation of selective reactions to environmental influences.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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