History of psychology. Psychological Ideas of Medieval Europe (Most Important)

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History of psychology. Psychological Ideas of Medieval Europe (Most Important)

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9. PSYCHOLOGICAL IDEAS OF MEDIEVAL EUROPE

In the medieval period in Europe, one of the central positions was occupied by scholasticism. This type of philosophical reasoning ("school philosophy") dominated in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. It boiled down to a rational interpretation of Christian doctrine.

Scholasticism had various currents, the common position for which was commenting on texts. The usual study of any subject and the discussion of real burning problems were replaced by verbal tricks. The Catholic Church at first forbade the study and promotion of the works of Aristotle, but soon took up "mastering", adapting them in accordance with their needs.

This problem was most subtly solved by Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274). His teachings were later canonized in the Pope's encyclical (1879) as true Catholic philosophy and psychology. This doctrine was called Thomism. Nowadays, the name of this teaching has been somewhat modernized, now it is called neo-Thomism.

Thomas Aquinas defended his religious and "truth descending from above." He believed that the mind is obliged to serve this truth, as well as the religious feeling itself. At Oxford University in England the concept of dual truth was well received and became the ideological prerequisite for the success of philosophy and the natural sciences.

Thomas Aquinas described mental life and arranged its various forms in the form of a kind of ladder - from the lowest to the highest. In this hierarchy, each phenomenon has its own specific place.

Souls are arranged in steps (human, plant and animal), in each of them abilities and their products are located - sensation, representation, concept.

Nominalism opposed the concept of the Thomist soul.

His energetic preacher was Oxford University professor William of Ockham (1285-1349).

He rejected Thomism, but defended the doctrine of "dual truth." W. Ockham believed that it is necessary to rely on sensory experience, but at the same time, one must be guided by something that denotes classes of objects, or classes of signs or names.

The concept of nominalism contributed to the development of scientific views on the ability of a person to know this world. In subsequent centuries, many other thinkers will also turn to signs.

Thus, in the era of the Middle Ages, new ideas related to the experimental knowledge of the manifestations of the soul became widespread. But already at that time, other ideas began to emerge, based on a deterministic approach. These ideas reached their peak during the Renaissance.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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