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39. PROGRAMS FOR BUILDING PSYCHOLOGY AS AN EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE
Each area of scientific knowledge is experimental and manifests itself in two aspects. Historical. It is divided into two main stages:
1) pre-scientific study of patterns in a particular area;
2) scientific study of the objective laws of natural phenomena with the indispensable use of existing accumulated practical experience, proven on the basis of experimental and other data. Methodical.
It is determined by the choice of certain methods of study, indicating the scientific validity of the proposed assumption. From the point of view of the existing theoretical and practical experiment, psychology is:
1) a set of information about the patterns of mental reflection by the body of situations of external reality and adaptation to them;
2) the base of accumulated practical experience based on a large number of experiments and other data;
3) the range of methods used by practice to study mental activity in each of the areas of psychological knowledge. The historical aspect of formation. Pre-scientific psychology was based on philosophical views, based on the individual experience of inner experiences.
The historical period of the New Age in the study of the nature of the soul dates back to the 17th century. At this time, R. Descartes introduced the concept of dualism as substances of body and soul independent from each other. Their relationship can be experimentally studied in the psychophysical and psychophysiological streams in understanding the activity of the brain. Research efforts in such areas were most effectively undertaken in the 19th century. However, advanced views in natural sciences were based on the philosophical teachings of dualism or monism. Monism as a doctrine of the integral substance of nature was developed by B. Spinoza, as well as the law of associations created through experimental research, introduced as a term by D. Locke.
Scientific psychology in terms of experimental research was introduced by W. Wundt in 1879.
Foreign psychological directions:
1) W. Wundt - study of the structure of consciousness (structuralism);
2) W. James - the theory of "stream of consciousness" (functionalism);
3) Z. Freud - the theory of the unconscious as the basis for the treatment of neuroses (psychoanalysis). Followers - A. Adler and K.-G. Jung;
4) J. Watson - natural science approach to the psyche (behaviorism);
5) M. Wertheimer, K. Koffka, W. Koehler - psychology of form (Gestalt psychology);
6) A. Maslow - hierarchy of needs (humanistic psychology);
7) S. Grof - the study of the psyche in alternating states of consciousness. He is an adherent of the natural science direction in the study of mental activity.
Author: Anokhina Z.V.
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