33. NATURAL SCIENTIFIC PREREQUISITES FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF PSYCHOLOGY INTO AN INDEPENDENT SCIENCE

Natural science is a set of sciences about nature (biology, physics, chemistry, astronomy, geology, etc.), which determine the comprehension of its laws through human labor and the application of objective natural laws in the interests of social evolutionary development.

The central question of the pre-scientific period of psychology was the question of the connection of the soul as an independent or dependent principle from matter. For the most part, philosophical thoughts about the soul and about the world were not in the scientific sense the subject of study until the end of the XNUMXth century.

The founder of scientific psychology was the German scientist W. Wundt (1832-1920), who opened the world's first experimental psychological laboratory in Leipzig in 1879.

Following the ideas of associationism, he considered the main task of psychology as a discipline to be the study of such parts of consciousness as feelings, positive and negative physical disturbances for a person, as well as the patterns of relationships between these parts. Wundt's theory was called "the theory of the elements of consciousness." By his study, he determined the introduction to the study of the activity of the central nervous system empirically, based on the natural scientific method of predecessors in the study of the functioning of the psyche.

Previous historical research in natural sciences belongs to the work of M. V. Lomonosov as one of the founders of natural science, whose works became universally known only from the middle of the 19th century. The research he conducted in the fields of chemistry, physics, astronomy and other sciences determined the field of formation of psychology as a science not only of humanitarian, but also of natural science content.

The prerequisites for a scientifically reasoned study of psychology were also:

1) the worldview of Russian revolutionary democrats, which influenced the emergence of scientific approaches (I.M. Sechenov, V. Wundt, M.V. Bekhterev, I.P. Pavlov), experimentally studying the activity of the psyche from physiological points of view;

2) initial efforts to interpret the functioning of the brain;

3) pre-scientific theoretical ideologies on the significance of the role of the interaction of chemical elements in the process of the life of the organism with the prevailing regulation of the rational basis;

4) Ch. Darwin's work on the theory of evolution and survival of species, which was developed in the Marxist trend, which supports materialistic, metaphysical views on the relationship between natural laws and subjective forms of mental reflection.

The beginning for the emergence of a scientific direction in the study of the psyche was a materialistic worldview on the nature and role of the brain as its main carrier of knowledge.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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