History of psychology. Behaviorism (most important)

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History of psychology. Behaviorism (most important)

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57. BEHAVIORISM

The founder of behaviorism (from the English behavior - "behavior") is John Watson (1878-1958), who published the article "Psychology from the point of view of a behaviorist." In his opinion, it is not consciousness that is worthy of research, but behavior. J. Watson, in contrast to scientists who consider the method of introspection to be the main one in behavior, proposed to study external manifestations that are visible without special devices.

J. Watson proposed to register visible manifestations in human behavior, which are born consciously by external influences. According to the formula "Sh" R "(stimulus-response), the subject's responses can be genetic (hereditary) and acquired. By hereditary, we meant reflexes, physiological reactions and simple emotions; acquired are the habits of the individual, his behavior, the degree of development of cognitive processes The research mechanism proceeds according to the following scheme: under the influence of an absolute stimulus, a hereditary reaction appears, which is directly related to new conditioned stimuli.

J. Watson conducted an experiment: a sharp sound (or other external influence) acted as an unconditioned stimulus, which caused fear in a small child, combined with a conditioned stimulus in the form of a rabbit. After some time, it was noticed that even simply showing a rabbit to a child caused him to feel a sense of fear.

Behaviorism arose on the basis of two directions: positivism and pragmatism, according to which research should be based only on objective facts, knowledge about a person should be sufficiently complete.

By the end of the 1920s - the beginning of the 1930s. Neo-behaviorism emerged as a branch of behaviorism. It was due to the fact that between the stimulus and the response there are so-called intermediate variables.

Behaviorists did their first research on animals. And only when it was possible to speak with confidence about sufficiently deep knowledge in the field of behavioral reactions, the subject of the study was a person.

According to scientists, human behavior could be shaped under the influence of obviously prepared external stimuli. But behaviorists did not take into account the fact that human behavior and all activities are determined by certain motives and goals. Behaviorism arose on the basis of the research of E. Thorndike, the works of I. P. Pavlov and V. M. Bekhterev.

The subject of behaviorism is human behavior with all its innate and acquired components.

J. Watson identified 4 types of reactions that occur in humans: external acquired and external hereditary, internal acquired and internal hereditary. Behavioral teaching turned out to be far from ideal, since it placed too great demands on rigor and objectivity.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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