16. THE DOMINATION OF EMPIRISM AND ASSOCIATISM IN PSYCHOLOGY OF THE XNUMXTH CENTURY

XNUMXth century went down in history by the further strengthening and formation of capitalist relations in progressive countries. An industrial revolution took place, turning England into a powerful state. Deep economic transformations led to a political revolution in France.

The feudal foundations in Germany began to loosen. Socio-economic shifts and the inconsistency of the political situation gave rise to ideological forms that opposed theological ideology.

As a result of the struggle against it, a large-scale movement, which acquired the name "enlightenment", increased. It was directed against everything that hindered the growth of science and scientific understanding of the world.

The concept of "natural man", which was formed in the XNUMXth century, was consolidated. Sensationalism and empiricism become directions that appeared as a counterbalance to rationalism and apriorism. It was in this spirit that the psychological idea of ​​the century was formed.

She borrowed the standards for her deterministic models from the methodology of Newtonian mechanics. The association is transformed into a universal category, interpreting all mental activity, by the English physician D. Hartley (1705-1757). D. Hartley was a pioneer in the study of the role of communicative reactions in the organization of volitional control and the formation of metaphysical thinking.

The word "psychology" became well-known in Europe as a result of A. Wolf's publications "Empirical Psychology" and "Rational Psychology".

He, having outlined with great pedantry the various classes of mental phenomena, divided them into hierarchically placed groups. An unusual "anatomical theater of the human soul" appeared: for each group, a corresponding ability was assigned as its motive and foundation. The doctrine of the reflex structure of behavior was enriched with a number of new concepts: the idea of ​​the biological purpose of this structure, its suitability for considering all degrees of mental activity, and the determining influence of feeling.

The physics of I. Newton and the physiology of E. Geller determined the natural-scientific appearance of the XNUMXth century. In the XVIII century. the psychophysical problem becomes psychophysiological, that is, it is limited to the connection of mental processes with nervous ones. The idea that physical functions, influencing mental ones, in turn depend on them, acquired a socio-political meaning, since mental life itself was perceived from the point of view of its social determination. The idea of ​​a person as a point of intersection of two series of determinations interfered with the implementation of the principle of psychophysical monism, for which progressive French philosophers fought in their philosophical theory.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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