History of psychology. The theory of the systematic formation of mental actions (the most important)

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History of psychology. The theory of the systematic formation of mental actions (the most important)

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71. THEORY OF PLANNED FORMATION OF MENTAL ACTIONS

The theory of planned formation of mental actions was developed by P. Ya. Galperin (1902-1988) and his followers. It contains general rules for the formation of knowledge and skills, as well as programs for their application in education.

According to P. Ya. Galperin, orientation is the most important of the components of an action, since a correctly oriented person will most likely perform the action correctly the first time.

First of all, the action was studied as an elementary unit of activity, in connection with which the concept of "orienting basis of action" (OOD) was emphasized.

The structure of the OOD includes:

1) knowledge about the conditions for the successful implementation of the action;

2) knowledge about the structure, purpose, duration of action, etc.

Different OOD leads to different conditions for the formation of knowledge and skills.

1. Incomplete OOD - the student has an idea about the action itself and the goal, but does not know what are the conditions for its success. The action is formed on the basis of trial and error, contains many unnecessary elements. This is typical of unorganized learning.

2. Partially complete OOD - the student has an idea about the action, the purpose and the correctness of its implementation. However, knowledge is purely practical, not included in the general system of knowledge of the subject.

3. Complete OOD - the student receives a complete picture of the action, understands its logic, is able to independently transfer it to other areas.

According to this theory, for the formation of a new knowledge or skill, the following conditions must be met:

1) the motivation of the subject increases;

2) knowledge is fixed correctly in an external form (for example, in the form of visual aids);

3) explains the logic of knowledge, its place in the system of other knowledge;

4) memorization is achieved.

P. Ya. Galperin singled out 6 parameters of action, the first four are primary, and the last two are secondary, formed as a result of a combination of the first:

1) the level of performance of the action: material, verbal, mental;

2) measure of generalization;

3) completeness of actually performed operations;

4) measure of development;

5) reasonableness of action;

6) consciousness of action.

P. Ya. Galperin singled out three groups of actions.

1. Actions to be learned.

2. Actions that are necessary in the learning process.

3. Modeling and coding.

Training, according to P. Ya. Galperin, consists of five stages:

1) creation of the OOD;

2) materialized action;

3) speaking out loud;

4) speaking to yourself;

5) automation of action.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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