History of psychology. Psychophysiology of the senses (the most important)

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History of psychology. Psychophysiology of the senses (the most important)

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37. PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE SENSORS

Sense organs are specialized organic structures located on the body and inside the body, designed for the perception of external information, its processing and storage. They contain:

1) receptors - located on its surface. Designed to perceive stimuli of any nature and reorganize them into nerve impulses;

2) nerve pathways - specialized nerve fibers that conduct the excitation acquired from various receptors to certain parts of the brain and back;

3) departments of the central nervous system (CNS) designed to process incoming information (excitation) for the purpose of a feedback response to a stimulus. The sense organs are otherwise called sensory organs, which are part of the general sensory system for perceiving incoming information.

According to I.P. Pavlov, the sensory system is a part of the nervous system, consisting of a receptor apparatus that perceives internal or external stimuli, conducts nerve pathways and parts of the central nervous system, and transforms the information coming through them from receptors.

Conducting nerve pathways can be divided into:

1) afferent - the passage of nervous excitation from receptors to a specific part of the brain;

2) efferent - the passage of a nerve impulse from the central nervous system to the periphery.

The community of afferent and efferent pathways, including the receptors of a particular sense organ and the information-transforming subcortical and cortical sections of the central nervous system, is called the analyzer.

There are five human senses that establish its connection with the surrounding reality. They are divided into contact (in direct contact with the stimulus) and distant, which react to distant stimuli:

1) contact: taste and touch;

2) distant: sight, hearing and smell. The activity of each of the sense organs

is an elementary mental process - sensation. Sensory information from external stimuli enters the central nervous system in two ways:

1) characteristic sensory pathways:

a) vision - through the retina, lateral geniculate body and superior tubercles of the quadrigemina into the primary and secondary visual cortex;

b) hearing - through the nuclei of the cochlea and the quadrigemina, the medial geniculate body into the primary auditory cortex;

c) taste - through the medulla oblongata and thalamus to the somatosensory cortex;

d) smell - through the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex to the hypothalamus and limbic system;

e) touch - passes through the spinal cord, brain stem and thalamus into the somatosensory cortex;

2) non-specific sensory pathways: pain and temperature sensations located in the nuclei of the thalamus and brain stem.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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