History of psychology. Würzburg School (most important)

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History of psychology. Würzburg School (most important)

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55. WURZBURG SCHOOL

It is a group of scientists led by the German psychologist O. Külpe, who studied at the beginning of the 20th century. at the University of Würzburg (Bavaria) higher psychological processes (thinking, will) through a laboratory experiment in combination with a modified method of introspection (“experimental introspection”, in which the person undergoing the test carefully observed the dynamics of the sensations he experienced at each stage of following instructions) . The German psychologists K. Marbe, N. A. Bühler, the English psychologist G. Watt, the Belgian psychologist A. Michotte and others belonged to the Würzburg School (WS). The WS introduced the performance of tasks of an intellectual nature into experimental psychology as a new object of analysis.

It was revealed that thinking is a mental process, the laws of which are not reducible either to the laws of logic or to the laws of the emergence of associations.

The originality of thought processes was explained by the fact that associations are selected in comparison with the tendencies created by the subject’s task. The organizing role was assigned to the attitude that precedes the search for a solution, which some representatives of the VS considered an “attitude of consciousness,” while others considered it an unconscious act (since it is hidden from introspection).

In contrast to the perceptions generally accepted at that time, VS came to the conclusion that consciousness contains non-sensory components (mental actions and meanings and meanings independent of sensory images). Therefore, the specificity of the concept of VS is usually considered in that it included in psychology the concept of ugly thinking. The process of thinking was studied by her as a change of operations, which sometimes acquire affective intensity.

The work of the psychologists of the Higher School raised a number of important problems that relate to the qualitative differences between thinking and other cognitive processes, revealed the limitations of the associative concept, its inability to logically explain the selectivity and direction of acts of consciousness. But at the same time, thinking without any images ("pure" thinking) was unjustifiably opposed to its other forms, and the dependence of mental activity on speech and practical activity was ignored.

The idealistic methodology of the VS, which reflected the influence of the German philosophers F. Brentano and E. Husserl, prevented the discovery of the real causes of mental processes.

The data obtained by VS aroused criticism from representatives of other schools of experimental psychology, who also used the method of introspection (W. Wundt, E. B. Titchener, G. E. Muller), which led to a crisis in the introspective direction as a whole.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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