History of psychology. Theoretical struggle during the formation of psychology as an independent science (the most important)

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History of psychology. Theoretical struggle during the formation of psychology as an independent science (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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43. THEORETICAL STRUGGLE IN THE FORMATION OF PSYCHOLOGY AS AN INDEPENDENT SCIENCE

The more successfully empirical activity was carried out in psychology, sharply increasing the field of phenomena mastered by psychology, the more obvious became the inconsistency of its variations about consciousness as a vacuum world of the individual, visible to him alone thanks to experimental introspection under the control of the experimenter's instructions. Considerable successes of the new biology decisively changed positions on all the vital functions of the organism, including the mental ones.

The idea of consciousness as a special closed world, a fenced-off island of the spirit, was destroyed. The area of comprehension of objects inaccessible to introspective analysis (behavior of animals, children, mentally ill) was radically expanded. The collapse of the original ideas about the subject and methods of psychology became more and more indisputable.

Main blocks:

1) mental image;

2) mental action;

2) mental attitude;

3) motive;

4) personality.

Gestalt psychology. Evidence was given that mental images are unities that can only be artificially split into separate components. These unities were called by the German term "gestalt" (from German geschtalt - "form, structure") and under this name entered the scientific dictionary of psychology. The direction, which gave Gestalt the meaning of the main "unit" of consciousness, was established under this name.

Behaviorism (from the English behavior - “behavior”). Mental action and its categorical status began to change greatly. In ancient times, it belonged to the category of internal, spiritual aspirations of the individual. But advances in the use of an objective method to study the connections between the organism and the environment argued that the sphere of the psyche also includes external bodily influence. In accordance with this, the movement that chose this path began to form a behavioral concept.

The area of unconscious aspirations (motives), driving behavior and establishing the originality of complex dynamics and structure, was recognized as conditioning for mental life! personality. The school of psychoanalysis was formed by Z. Freud.

French scientists have concentrated on the analysis of mental relationships between people. In the works of a number of German psychologists, the main theme was the inclusion of the subject in the value system of culture.

Thus, various schools arose, each of which defined one of them as the focus of the entire system of categories - be it an image or an action, a motive or a person. This gave each school a unique profile.

Turning to one of the categories as the main component of the history of the system and giving the remaining categories the function of dependents - all this was one of the reasons for the disintegration of psychology into various, sometimes opposing schools.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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