Table of contents (expand)
19. MATERIALISTIC PSYCHOLOGY IN FRANCE
The flourishing of materialistic thought in France was prepared by the Newtonian picture of nature and the Lockean picture of consciousness. The propagandists of experimental knowledge and sharp critics of dialectics and scholasticism in France were J. Voltaire and E. B. Condillac.
In his Treatise on Sensations (1754), E. B. Condillac defined the task of uniting reflection and sensation. He proposed a scheme for a statue that, at first, has nothing but a pure ability to comprehend feelings. The statue of E. B. Condillac differed from the "animal machine" of R. Descartes in that her body was independent of her mental functions. The sensationalism of E. B. Condillac had a phenomenal character.
The French physician J. O. La Mettrie combined sensationalism with Descartes' teaching about the machine-like behavior of living bodies. He believed that R. Descartes' differentiation of two substances acted as a “stylistic trick” invented to deceive theologians. The soul actually exists, but it cannot be separated from the body. Since the body is a machine, then the person as a whole with all his internal abilities is only a feeling, thinking and pleasure-seeking machine. The word “machine” meant a materially determined system.
By the middle of the 1745th century. neuromuscular physiology argued for the involvement of primitive mental phenomena in the general mechanics of the body, and prepared the inclusion in this mechanics of higher forms of mental activity that arise from simple ones. A student of the “Jansenist school” J. O. La Mettrie becomes an atheist. In XNUMX, he published “The Natural History of the Soul,” in which he argued that the physical identity between humans and animals indicates the unity of their mental activity. The ability to feel was interpreted by J. O. La Mettrie as a function of the physical body. Matter is capable of thinking due to its organization. The idea of the dependence of the psyche on the organization was accepted by all French materialists (T. Robins, D. Diderot) and came to recognize the eternal existence of impressionability.
The theory of "natural man" gave extreme urgency to the question of the relationship between the natural characteristics of the individual and external conditions. J. J. Rousseau believed that a person is naturally kind-hearted, but he was spiritually crippled by modern culture. K. Helvetius defended the position that the intellectual and moral qualities of a person are formed by the conditions of his life. Unlike J. J. Rousseau, he confirmed the irrefutable advantage of culture and social education.
The concept of the diverse degrees of unification of the organs of the “human machine” was formed by P. Kabanis. He believed that consciousness is not a spiritual principle of a substantial or exclusive nature concentrated in the brain, but a function of this physical organ, not inferior in level of reality and physiology to other functions of the body.
Author: Anokhina Z.V.
<< Back: Development of the doctrine of neuropsychic functions
>> Forward: The origin of the materialistic trend in Russian psychology
We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:
▪ Taxes and taxation. Lecture notes
▪ Sociology. Crib
▪ Eye diseases. Lecture notes
See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.
Read and write useful comments on this article.
<< Back
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven
09.05.2024
Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>
Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5
09.05.2024
Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>
Energy from space for Starship
08.05.2024
Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>
| Random news from the Archive Pressure sensor Infineon DPS422
27.03.2019
The DPS422 from Infineon is a digital barometric pressure sensor with a built-in precision temperature meter. Pressure measurement is carried out using a capacitive sensor, which guarantees high accuracy over a wide range of operating temperatures. With a miniature 2,0x2,5x0,73mm package and low power consumption of 1,7uA, the new DPS422 is ideal for battery-powered miniature IoT devices.
Measurement of pressure and temperature takes place using a 24-bit ADC. Measurement results can be obtained via the I2C or SPI interface, and if necessary, you can use separate interrupt lines and an internal FIFO buffer for 32 values. Each sensor is calibrated during production. The individual spread is stored as fixed correction factors, which are available through internal registers.
Features of DPS422:
miniature package 8-pin LGA, 2,0x2,5x0,73 mm (typ.);
operating range: pressure: 300...1200 hPa, temperature: -40...85°C;
resolution: +- 0,005 hPa (or +-5 cm);
relative accuracy: +-0,06 hPa (or +-50 cm);
absolute accuracy: +- 1 hPa (or +-8 m);
temperature measurement accuracy: +- 0,4°C;
measurement dependence on temperature: < 0,5Pa/K;
measurement time: 27,6 ms for standard mode (16x). 3,6ms minimum;
average consumption: 1,7 µA for pressure, 2 µA for temperature;
power supply: VDDIO: 1,2...3,6 V, VDD: 1,7...3,6 V;
operating modes: on demand, automatic, sleep;
individual factory calibration with preservation of corr. coefficient;
FIFO: saving up to 32 measurement results;
interface: I2C with interrupts, 4-lanes SPI, 3-lanes SPI with interrupts.
|
Other interesting news:
▪ Smell generator for virtual reality helmet
▪ On bone skates
▪ Playing with other children affects language learning
▪ The Earth and the Moon are formed from similar materials
▪ flight of spiders
News feed of science and technology, new electronics
Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:
▪ section of the site Videotechnique. Article selection
▪ article National economy. Lecture notes
▪ How did Charlemagne's conquests proceed? Detailed answer
▪ article Lian knot. Tourist tips
▪ Article Tempering glasses. Simple recipes and tips
▪ article Low-noise antenna amplifier of the 23rd UHF channel. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Leave your comment on this article:
All languages of this page
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua
2000-2024
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese