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10. ROGER BACON. NOMINALISM
In the Middle Ages, philosophers who shared Plato's point of view were called realists because they believed that universals really existed. Their position has been called realism. Universals were considered invisible and eternal ideas that exist before things, denoting general concepts, the broadest, which can denote a large class of objects. The opposite view was called nominalism. Its main representatives are considered to be William Ockham (end of the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries), Johann Buridan (end of the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries), Nicholas of Otrekur (XNUMXth century), and others.
Its representatives assumed that universals are only names and can exist not by themselves, but only in the human mind in the form of concepts or terms. They believed that only specific, single, sensually perceived objects exist in reality. Nominalist views appeared and began to spread only in the Renaissance.
Nominalism in its manifestations could be extreme and moderate. Moderate nominalists believed that universals exist after things in the form of their generalized names, i.e., concepts. These concepts are very important, although they do not exist objectively. Moderate nominalism was also called conceptualism. Extreme nominalists, in particular John Roscelinus (1050-1120), believed that general concepts are completely meaningless, that is, if they did not really exist, then there was no need to talk about them.
Robert Grosseteste's student Roger Bacon (1210-1294) was a representative of the opposition movement that formed at Oxford University in England in the second half of the XNUMXth century. He spoke out against Thomism and against scholasticism as such. R. Bacon believed that universals exist only in the individual, which, in turn, does not depend on the thinking principle. He emphasized not only the subjectivity of the general, as the supporters of nominalism believed, but also the objectivity of the individual. He denied the atomistic doctrine, which spoke of the indivisibility of atoms and emptiness, and put forward the idea of a combination of qualitatively different elements that form specific things.
The main work of R. Bacon was the "Great Work", consisting of seven sections and containing the theory of human thinking, as well as views on the relationship between science and theory. Limited in scope, Lesser Labor presented Bacon's previous work in abridged form. The "Third Labor" was a reworking of the two previous ones.
W. Ockham considered sensations as a kind of signs. In the conditions of medieval Europe, the appeal to signs made it possible to look at the concept of the soul from a different angle, that is, to move from subjective "inner experience" to an objective analysis of sign relations.
W. Occam deduced the position that it is necessary to cut off entities or alleged forces where a smaller number of them can be dispensed with, this provision was called Occam's "razor".
Author: Anokhina Z.V.
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