41. PSYCHOLOGY AS A STUDY OF INTENTIAL ACTS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

An intentional act is the intradirectionality of consciousness and its functions towards a particular object, regardless of whether the object itself is unknowable or true.

The concept of an intentional act was first introduced by the Australian philosopher F. Brentano. He is the founder of psychology as a doctrine of mental phenomena; systematizing them, he identifies three central forms:

1) submissions;

2) judgments;

3) emotions.

In F. Brentano, consciousness was first noted as a specific phenomenon. Before him, in the modern European psychology, consciousness as such did not exist, i.e., it was not singled out as a special object of knowledge. In accordance with this theory, psychology is not the content of consciousness (sensations, perceptions, thoughts), according to W. Wundt, but its actions, mental actions, due to which these contents arise. F. Brentano considered intentionality (direction towards an object) to be a significant sign of a mental phenomenon.

E. Husserl is a follower of F. Brentano. Consciousness, according to E. Husserl, is a single stream of experiences through which an object is perceived.

E. Husserl established phenomenology as a theory of rational experiences. What happens in us when we think? The requirement of presuppositionless knowledge depends on the clarification of this issue. According to E. Husserl, logical experiences are the latent life of thought in us, without understanding which an adequate theory of the comprehension of knowledge is impossible, since to comprehend something without having any idea of ​​how the process of cognition itself takes place means to violate the main rule of the logic of cognition . The theory of knowledge must be preceded by an analysis of consciousness; The theory of logical experiences is growing, so its development exhausts all the tasks of phenomenology.

There is a fundamental difference between consciousness and the object of its aspiration. The object lives "outside" consciousness, and its properties do not come into consciousness from outside; consciousness only "constitutes" it, and in this act itself it deals not with its empirically material nature, but with a semantic structure that it itself organizes.

Any phenomenon is characterized by a personal intentional structure, consisting of a large number of intentionally correlated components. For example, the perception of a cube represents a single connection of various intentions: the cube “appears” from different points of view and perspectives; its visible sides are intentionally compared with invisible but planned sides, so that the observation of this entire flow of “aspects” and the nature of their integration shows the presence of a single and integral knowledge about some stable object in all particular periods of experience.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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