History of psychology. Views on the nature of the psyche (the most important)

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History of psychology. Views on the nature of the psyche (the most important)

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4. VIEWS ON THE NATURE OF THE PSYCHIC

Changes in the understanding of the surrounding world and man that occurred in the VI century. BC e., were decisive in the history of ideas about mental activity.

Animism is a belief in a host of spirits (souls) hidden behind visible things, representing them as special "elements" or "ghosts" that leave the human body with the last breath in his life (for example, according to the philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras. They, being immortal, have the opportunity to wander forever and move into the bodies of animals and plants. A fundamentally new approach was expressed by the doctrine that replaced animism. This is the doctrine of the universal animation of the world, called "hylozoism". The essence of this doctrine is that nature was perceived as one whole, endowed with life.

The hylozoist Heraclitus (end of the XNUMXth - beginning of the XNUMXth centuries BC) represented the cosmos in the form of "eternally living fire", while the soul ("psyche") - in the form of its spark. He included the soul in the general laws of natural existence, developing according to the law (logos), the same as the cosmos, which is the same for all things.

Democritus (460-370 BC) believed that the whole world consists of the smallest particles invisible to the eye, called atoms. He believed that man and all the nature around him are composed of atoms that form the body and soul. The soul, according to Democritus, also consists of small atoms, but more mobile, since they must communicate activity to an inert body. Democritus believed that the soul can be in the head (the rational part), in the chest (the courageous part), in the liver (the lustful part) and the sense organs.

Among the teachings of the school of Hippocrates (460-377 BC) was the doctrine of the four liquids (blood, mucus, black bile and yellow bile). From here - depending on which liquid prevails - he put forward a version of four temperaments:

1) sanguine type, when blood predominates;

2) phlegmatic type (mucus);

3) choleric type (yellow bile);

4) melancholic type (black bile). Alcmaeon from Cretona (VI century BC) believed

that the brain is the organ of the soul. He found that from the hemispheres of the brain “two narrow paths go to the eye sockets.” Alcmaeon argued that there is a direct connection between the senses and the brain. Following Alcmaeon, Hippocrates agreed that the brain is an organ of the psyche, believing that the brain is a kind of large gland. Today it is known that there is a unified neurohumoral regulation of behavior.

Plato (428-348 BC) believed that the soul is the guardian of human morality and that behavior should be prompted and controlled by reason, not feelings. He opposed Democritus and his theories, asserting the possibility of freedom of rational human behavior.

Aristotle (384-322 BC) believed that in the human body the corporeal and spiritual form an inseparable whole. The soul, according to Aristotle, is not an independent entity, but a form, a way of organizing a living body.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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