History of psychology. Study of sensations and perception (most important)

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History of psychology. Study of sensations and perception (most important)

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45. STUDY OF SENSATIONS AND PERCEPTIONS

Sensations - a reflection of the properties of objects of the objective world, which occurs when they directly affect the receptors.

In the reflex concept of I. P. Pavlov and I. M. Sechenov, various studies were carried out, which showed that sensations in their physiological mechanisms are holistic reflexes that combine direct and feedback peripheral and central sections of the analyzer. The variety of sensations reflects the qualitative diversity of the surrounding world. The classification of sensations may be different depending on the grounds. The division by modality has become widespread, where visual, tactile, auditory, etc. sensations are distinguished. The English physiologist C. Sherington distinguished three classes of sensations:

1) extroceptive, they arise when external stimuli are exposed to receptors directly located on the surface of the body;

2) interoceptive, they signal with the help of specialized receptors about the course of metabolic processes inside the body;

3) proprioceptive, they reflect the movement and relative position of the body as a result of the work of receptors that are located in the muscles, tendons and articular bags. Sensations arise in the process of phylogenesis on the basis of elementary irritability as a reaction to stimuli, thereby reflecting the objective relationship between abiotic and biotic environmental factors.

Perception is a holistic reflection of objects, events and situations that arise from the direct impact of stimuli on the surface receptors of the sense organs. Together with the processes of sensation, perception contributes to a direct-sensitive orientation in the surrounding world. A great contribution to the study of perception was made by I. M. Sechenov, investigating the reflex concept of the psyche.

Of great importance are the works of Gestalt psychology, which showed the conditionality of the most significant phenomena of perception (for example, constancy) by unchanged relationships between the components of the perceptual image. The study of the reflex structure of perception marked the beginning of the creation of theoretical models of perception, where efferent, including motor processes, which adjust the work of the perceptual system to the characteristics of the object, are of great importance (A. N. Leontiev). The modern study of perception is carried out by representatives of physiology, cybernetics, psychology and other sciences.

In the ongoing research, methods such as observation and experiment, empirical analysis and modeling are used. Perception is associated with thinking, attention, memory, is directed by motivational factors and has a certain affective-emotional coloring.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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