History of psychology. Psychology of abilities (most important)

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History of psychology. Psychology of abilities (most important)

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17. PSYCHOLOGY OF ABILITIES

Fragmentation of Germany in the XVIII century. hindered the formation of capitalist relations. This led to the compromise nature of the progressive psychological doctrines for that time, which were determined on German soil. The most famous among them was the "psychology of abilities" of the scientist-encyclopedist A. Wolf (1679-1754).

A. Wolff opposed the philosophy of common sense to the dominant in the intellectual life of Germany, scholasticism and mysticism. He owes considerable merit in the development of German psychological terminology, which replaced the old, Latin. The very word "psychology" became well-known in Europe after the publication of A. Wolf's books "Empirical Psychology" (1732) and "Rational Psychology" (1734).

The first was a description of facts, observations of phenomena. Expedient psychology was given the task of deductively inferring phenomena from the essence and nature of the soul.

The concept of ability was put forward as an explanatory basis. The idea of spontaneous activity of the soul rallied with him. The main power was considered the ability of representation, acting in the form of knowledge and desire. A. Wolf, who considered himself a successor to the ideas of G. W. Leibniz, tried to eliminate mystical tendencies from his monadology. Having outlined various groups of mental phenomena, he classified them according to a hierarchical principle. But together with them he eliminated metaphysics. According to A. Wolf, there is only a single monad - the soul, and the position of parallelism is applicable only to its relationship with a living organism. The psychophysical question was transformed by A. Wolf into a psychophysiological one.

After some time, the Wolffian doctrine was subjected to crushing criticism by S. Herbert. The idea of mental motivation was transferred from G. W. Leibniz through A. Wolf and S. Herbert to W. Wundt.

Another variation of the psychology of abilities was proposed by the Scottish school. The founder of the school, Thomas Reed (1710-1796), followed in his description of the mental activity of the concept of "common sense" of the English bourgeoisie.

According to this concept, any person is born with a reserve of views and truths that allow him to independently recognize the beautiful and the ugly, the positive and the negative. Based on the theory of the instincts of human nature, T. Reid put forward the thesis that any sensory process forces us to recognize the life of an external object. Sensation is an elementary state that lives only in the brain of the knower.

Perception, in contrast to sensation, embraces the concept of an object and a persistent natural certainty that it lives independently of us. Dugalt Stuart (1753-1828) was a follower of T. Reed, who criticized the teachings of D. Hume and D. Berkeley from the standpoint of the current about "common sense".

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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