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35. DARWINISM
In his work "The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection" (1871), Charles Darwin specifically studied the question of man's place in the organic world and found that man originated in the process of evolution from lower animal forms. In another book, "The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals" (1872), Charles Darwin, using evolutionary doctrine, argued the idea of the unity of the genesis of expressive movements that accompany a feeling of fear, hostility, surprise, etc. in animals and humans, discovered their adaptive value. The idea of the adaptive meaning of the psyche appeared in psychology. Also expressed by G. Spencer, it laid the foundation for a new approach to the study of the psyche as the main means of adaptation to the environment.
The theory of evolution has greatly influenced psychology. It asserted the idea of evolution, and the laws of development discovered by Charles Darwin in the organic world set before psychology the task of determining the driving forces of mental maturation and, in particular, in relation to man. The question of comparing the psyche of animals and humans also arose. In the works of Charles Darwin, such problems were first established on a scientific basis, and their development laid the foundation for the formation of new trends and approaches in psychology - animal psychology, child psychology and the psychology of the so-called uncultured peoples.
Ch. Darwin concentrated his attention on confirming the relationship between man and animals. He gave comparative anatomical, embryological evidence of the genesis of man from mammals:
1) relatedness of all organ systems;
2) the presence of rudimentary organs;
3) the presence of atavisms as a manifestation from ancestors;
3) formation from a fertilized egg and the similarity of embryonic development.
Affinity between humans and apes:
1) the presence of higher nervous activity (HNA);
2) manifestation of emotions and feelings;
3) the use of tools;
4) relatedness of medical manifestations: diseases, blood types, etc.;
5) genesis from common ancestors.
C. Darwin, in addition to the development of the animal world, developed the theory of plant evolution. Like animals, plants are influenced by hereditary genetic factors throughout their lives. Only adaptable species are preserved, capable of repeated reproduction.
C. Darwin laid the foundations of the evolutionary doctrine of the genesis and inconstancy of the animal and plant world. As a result of experimental observations, he argued the main principle of life: only those species survive that adapt more easily to their environment, modify their hereditary characteristics in accordance with this and are capable of productive reproduction.
Author: Anokhina Z.V.
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