История психологии. Учение о душе (самое важное)

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История психологии. Учение о душе (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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7. THE DOCTRINE OF THE SOUL

The first teaching about the soul was animism (from Latin anima - "soul"), which included the idea of the soul as a kind of ghost that leaves the human body with its last breath.

The soul, according to Plato, is the cause of changes and all kinds of movement of things, it can "move itself." The soul can control everything in heaven, on the sea and on earth, with the help of its own movements, which Plato called desire, discretion, care. The soul, as he believed, is primary, and material bodies are secondary. Comparing the problem of the spiritual and the material, Plato concludes that the soul is divine. Plato introduces the concept of the demiurge - the builder of the world. The demiurge creates the world out of ideas and nothingness. Ideas act as original models of material things. Ideas are very important for the soul. By mixing ideas and matter, the demiurge creates the world soul.

Aristotle makes certain adjustments to Plato's doctrine of the soul. He considers the soul the beginning of life, highlights the typology of the soul, and also believes that there are plant, animal and rational souls. The lowest soul is the vegetable soul. It is responsible for the functions of growth, nutrition and reproduction, these functions are common to all living beings. In the animal soul, in addition to the listed functions, there is a sensation and the ability to desire, that is, to strive for pleasant things and avoid unpleasant ones. Man is endowed with a rational soul, which only he can possess. The human soul is endowed with the highest of abilities, i.e., the ability to reason and think. But the mind itself, according to Aristotle, does not always depend on the body. Only the mind can comprehend eternal being and be free from matter, being eternal and unchanging. Aristotle calls this higher mind active and creative, distinguishing it from a passive mind that can only perceive. Aristotle tried to resolve the difficulties that Plato had in connection with his doctrine of three souls, which supposed to explain the possibility of the immortal existence of any soul, and he came to the conclusion that only his mind can be immortal in a person, which after death merges with the mind of the universe .

According to the Pythagoreans, the human soul has a divine nature, is immortal, moves into other bodies, including the bodies of plants and animals. The fateful cosmic law of justice of retribution for the deeds of the former earthly life governs the migrations. The Pythagoreans consider the body to be the grave of the soul.

Heraclitus believed that the soul is the divine primary fire, which, according to the laws, turns into its opposite, i.e. into water, which in turn is the beginning of earthly life. The penetration of the divine soul into the body leads to the death of its divinity, while the death of the human body can be equated with the rebirth of the soul (god).

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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