History of psychology. Differential psychology (most important)

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History of psychology. Differential psychology (most important)

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48. DIFFERENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Differential psychology (from Latin differentia - "difference") is a branch of psychology that studies psychological discrepancies between individuals, between groups of people, as well as the causes and consequences of these discrepancies. A prerequisite for the development of differential psychology (DP) was the introduction of experiments into psychology, as well as genetic and mathematical methods. DP took shape under the direct influence of practice - pedagogical, medical, engineering. Its development was started by F. Galton, who created a number of methods and instruments for studying individual characteristics, including their static analysis.

The term "DP" was introduced by the German psychologist W. Stern in his work "On the Psychology of Individual Differences" (1900).

The first major representatives of the new direction were A. Binet, A. F. Lazursky, J. Cattell and others.

Tests became the main method - at first individual and then group tests were used, which were used to determine mental differences, and with the invention of projective tests - to measure interests, attitudes towards a particular object, emotional reactions.

In the process of processing tests by factor analysis methods, factors are determined that signal the general properties of intelligence or personality.

On this basis, quantitative variations in the psychological properties of different individuals are established. There are two theories that are best known:

1) the theory of two factors by C. Spearman, according to which in any type of activity there is both a common factor for each of them and a specific one, which is necessary individually for this type of activity;

2) multifactorial theories (L. Terson, J. Gilford, etc.).

Previously, decisive importance was attributed to heredity and the maturation of the organism, and the relationship of individual psychological characteristics from the specific lifestyle of the individual, the socio-economic conditions of its development was ignored. Recently, DP has been characterized by the intensive development of new approaches and methods, both experimental and mathematical. Together with the peculiarities of the differences between individuals in the mental plane, differences in creative and organizational abilities, in the general structure of the personality, in the sphere of personality motivation are widely studied. A significant place is given to identifying correlations between psychological properties, on the one hand, and physiological and biochemical properties, on the other. The facts and conclusions obtained by the DP are of great importance for solving many practical problems (for example: selection and training of personnel, diagnostics and forecasting of the development of individual properties, inclinations, abilities of individuals, etc.).

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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