History of psychology. Empirical direction of psychology in Spain (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

History of psychology. Empirical direction of psychology in Spain (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

13. EMPIRICAL DIRECTION OF PSYCHOLOGY IN SPAIN

By the beginning of the XVI century. in Spain, an economic upswing began, which was associated with the conquest of new colonies and the emergence of capitalist relations. The changes that took place were reflected in the public consciousness and natural science ideas. One of the first in modern times who opposed empirical knowledge to metaphysical teachings about the origin of the soul was Juan Luis Vives (1492-1540). In his book "On the Soul and Life" (1538), he reflected an innovative idea for his time that the inductive method allows you to acquire knowledge about people that could be used to improve their nature. In 1575 the physician Juan Huarte (1529-1592) wrote a book which he called "An Inquiry into the Abilities of the Sciences". This book became famous all over Europe.

H. Huarte wrote that the Spanish Empire was waiting for an unprecedented increase in power, subject to the correct use of the gifts of people given to them by nature. This work was the first in the history of psychology, which set itself the task of studying the individual abilities of a person for the purpose of professional selection. Therefore, H. Huarte became the initiator of the direction, which was later called differential psychology.

In his research, he set himself four tasks:

1) to study the types of talents available in the human race;

2) to study the signs by which one can find out whether an individual has a corresponding talent;

3) to study the qualities possessed by nature, which makes a person capable of one science, but not capable of another;

4) determine the arts and sciences corresponding to each talent separately. Huarte considered imagination (fantasy), intellect and memory to be the main talents. He analyzed the various sciences and arts, giving them an assessment in terms of which of the above abilities they require. Nature, upbringing, individual and age differences and work play an important role in the formation of a particular ability.

H. Uarte sought to ensure that this professional selection was carried out on a national scale.

Another prominent Spanish thinker of the XVI century. the physician Gomez Pereira (1500-1560) spent 20 years working on a book called "Antoniana Margherita" (1554). The main conclusion of this book was the denial of the existence of a sentient soul in animals. This was the first publication in which animals were presented as "apsychic" beings. The thinker G. Pereira believed that animals do not see, hear or feel anything at all. Their behavior is influenced by signs, not sensory images.

Significant changes also occurred in medicine and anatomy. The concept of Claudius Galen was overthrown shortly after the appearance of the works of A. Vesalius (1514-1564) "On the structure of the human body."

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

<< Back: Psychology in the Italian Renaissance

>> Forward: The doctrine of the reflex

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ Anesthesiology and resuscitation. Lecture notes

▪ Russian language. Final tests

▪ History of Pedagogy and Education. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Development of CeRAM Non-Volatile Memory 06.02.2014

An innovative non-volatile memory technology that can scale better and perform better than flash memory and traditional resistive memory (ReRAM) has caught the interest of processor architecture major ARM Holdings. CeRAM memory (Correlated electron RAM, memory with a correlated electron) is actively promoted by Symetrix. ARM, in turn, supports her research.

Symetrix, ARM, the University of Colorado and the University of Texas are involved in the CeRAM memory research project. The specific goals, duration and budget of the project were not announced, but the study participant, Professor Araujo (Araujo), noted that Symetrix will soon receive important data on CeRAM devices using an atomic force microscope, which allows you to look at details as small as 5 nm. This data will need to demonstrate the "new switching" properties of the device.

Intensive research on such technologies as ReRAM and CeRAM is explained by the fact that flash memory is approaching its technological barrier and it will be very problematic to develop devices using manufacturing processes of less than 10-20 nm. Therefore, the industry needs fundamentally new developments. As for ReRAM, researchers face many barriers in the development of this technology. Understanding the physical processes of formation and destruction of the so-called conductive threads in the insulating layer between the upper and lower electrodes in ReRAM memory has proven difficult, and without it it is difficult to move forward.

Unlike ReRAM, CeRAM is a resistive memory that uses the same transition metal oxides (TMOs) such as NiO, but does not use filaments or electroforming. Instead, CeRAM exhibits quantum effects of electron position correlation, which is where it gets its name from. In the CeRAM structure, the TMO active region is distinguished, which separates the two conductive TMO layers, while in ReRAM, the transition metal oxide occupies the entire region between the metal layers.

TMOs have incomplete 3d or 4d atomic shells that go through a metal-insulator junction. In the case of NiO, a voltage of 0,6 V is sufficient to record an isolated state and 1,2 V to record a conductive state. It does not require any thermodynamic phase transitions, as in traditional ReRAM.

The switching speed of CeRAM-memory cells can reach tens of femtoseconds, and the supply voltage during reading is only about 0,1-0,2 V. The state of the memory remains stable even when heated up to 400 degrees Celsius.

Other interesting news:

▪ The effectiveness of exercise depends on the time of day

▪ Microrobots of Swiss watchmakers

▪ Electric shock against weeds

▪ MD Elite A-series Richland processors

▪ Trap of eternal desires

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Power supply. Article selection

▪ article by Philip Kotler. Famous aphorisms

▪ article Who are sharks? Detailed answer

▪ article Chief Designer of the Production Department of the Television Broadcasting Department. Job description

▪ article Making a fuse from wire for any current. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Overhead power lines with voltage above 1 kV. The intersection of overhead lines with water spaces. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews