History of psychology. The beginning of the experimental study of emotions (the most important)

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History of psychology. The beginning of the experimental study of emotions (the most important)

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46. THE BEGINNING OF THE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EMOTIONS

The impetus for the experimental study of feelings was the James-Lange theory of emotions. In accordance with this theory, emotions act as the comprehension of physical organic transformations generated by the perception of circumstances. The value of the James-Lange theory lay in the fact that it opened wide scope for the introduction of physical methods of study. The techniques with which the experimental study of feelings was associated with their physical and organic characteristics are called by a common name - the "method of expression." The method of expression involves instrumental fixation of the diverse motor and vegetative modifications that accompany emotional disturbances.

As objective indicators of feelings, failures in breathing (density, depth, form of breathing, duration of inhalation and exhalation), in blood circulation (pulse rate, blood pressure, vascular volume, blood composition, cardiogram), other vegetative indicators were used: metabolic rate, salivation, sweating, chemical composition of saliva, skin temperature. Of the technical means for fixing breathing, a pneumograph and an apparatus for recording air flow were used. The general result of most of the initial experimental studies (A. Mosso, S. Fere, and others) was the conclusion that with a feeling of pleasure, all physical signs increase, intensify, and with a feeling of displeasure, they decrease and weaken.

Along with the method of formulation, the “method of impression” played a significant role in the study of feelings. Deep methodological development was implemented by G. Fechner. Significant for this method is the method of individual comparison and evaluation of several synchronously or gradually presented stimuli, on the basis of which the individual makes a choice of an external object to be chosen or rejected. G. Fechner's experiments were combined mainly with an aesthetic assessment of diverse geometric configurations (rectangles, triangles, ellipses, etc.). In the future, all these methods were used in the laboratory of W. Wundt. The result of similar studies was the structuring for each of the test subjects of the affective curves of pleasure and displeasure. In addition to the two main methods, they used all kinds of questionnaires, photography and filming to record facial expressions, body positions and other expressive movements that accompany the feelings of the subject.

By the beginning of the XX century. another area of psychology was brought to the experimental base. The educated experimental basis for the development of the issue of feelings allowed psychology, together with other sciences (physiology and neurophysiology, psychophysiology and neuropsychology), during the entire subsequent period, to build other unique methods that made it possible to reveal many secrets and advance knowledge of the nature and structure of emotions.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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