History of psychology. Development of experimental and applied areas of psychology (most important)

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History of psychology. Development of experimental and applied areas of psychology (most important)

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44. DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL AND APPLIED FIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY

The attitude of traditional psychology to applied psychology still remains the same as to semi-precise science. But there is no doubt that the main role in the formation of science at the present period belongs to applied psychology: it shows everything advanced, healthy, it represents the best methodological works. A look at the meaning of what is happening and the potential of true psychology can only be formed from the study of this area.

The center of the history of science has been shifted: what was on the periphery is now the defining pillar. This speaks to three factors:

1) practice. Here (through psychotechnics, psychiatry, child psychology, criminal psychology) psychology for the first time united with highly organized practice - industrial, educational, political, military. This puts psychology before the need to transform its positions so that they stand the test of practice;

2) methodology. Practice as a constructive principle of science requires philosophy, that is, the methodology of science.

L. Binswanger believed that the solution to the question of individual and objectivizing psychology should come not from logic, epistemology or dialectics, but from methodology, that is, the doctrine of the scientific approach;

3) psychology as an integral science.

I. N. Shpilrein believed that psychology had approached the moment when it was unable to isolate psychological functions from physiological ones, and was looking for a single concept.

According to L. S. Vygotsky, the thesis about practice plays a major role in the psychotechnical sciences. It is invariably a comparative, limited, experimental science. The connection with physiological processes is something so important for this science that it is physical psychology.

G. Münsterberg says that empirical psychology appeared in the middle of the XNUMXth century. Even in those schools where dialectic was rejected and facts were studied, research was guided by a different interest. The use of experience was not possible until psychology became a natural science; however, with the introduction of experience, a paradoxical situation emerged, incredible in natural science: such devices as the first machine or the telegraph were led to laboratories, but were not used in practice.

L. S. Vygotsky understood the cause of the crisis of psychology as its driving force, and therefore possessing not only historical interest, but also guiding - methodological - significance, since it not only led to the formation of a crisis, but also continued to determine its further direction and fate.

Psychology, which is called upon by practice to certify the truth of its thinking, which tried not so much to explain the psyche as to comprehend it and master it, determined a fundamentally different attitude of practical disciplines in the entire system of science than ancient psychology.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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