History of psychology. Animal psychology (most important)

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History of psychology. Animal psychology (most important)

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50. ZOOPSYCHOLOGY

Zoopsychology (Z.) (from the Greek zoon - "animal", psyche - "soul", logos - "teaching") is a science that studies the psyche of animals, manifestations and patterns of mental reflection at a given level. Zoopsychology studies the development of mental processes at the stage of ontogenesis, the origin and development of the psyche in the process of evolution, as well as the biological prerequisites and the previous history of the emergence of human consciousness. The birth of scientific occurred in the late XNUMXth and early XNUMXth centuries. and is associated with the names of J. L. Buffon and J. B. Lamarck, later C. Darwin studied the mental activity of animals. In Russia, the founders of this trend were V. A. Wagner and K. F. Rulye. They are in the XIX-XX centuries. laid the foundation for the materialistic evolutionary direction in Z. This direction was further developed in the works of zoopsychologists, who opposed anthropomorphic ideas. At the same time, the psyche of animals was studied in dialectical unity with their external motor activity, thanks to which all vital connections with the environment are established.

The primary and leading development of the psyche occurs in the process of ontogenesis and phylogenesis. In the process of ontogenesis, i.e., individual development, the behavior of animals is formed together with the processes of learning. Learning in animals is the acquisition and accumulation of individual experience, as well as the improvement and modification of the instinctive component of mental activity in certain living conditions. The instinctive behavior of animals does not need to be repeated, persists without systematic reinforcement, and is stable. In the process of phylogenesis, the formation of congenital, hereditarily fixed for all representatives of the species components of behavior takes place, which form the basis of life. Z. considers the complication of life, leading to the intensification, improvement and enrichment of the animal's motor activity. A certain study of the mental activity of an animal, the study of their perceptual processes, orienting-exploratory reactions, as well as skills, emotions, memory, intelligence, etc., is carried out on the basis of an objective analysis of the structure of the behavioral reactions of animals and requires a general account of the ecological characteristics of the animal species being studied.

The mental activity of animals differs from human in that it is completely determined by biological factors. This is Z.'s connection with ethology and other biological sciences.

The achievements of modern psychology are especially significant in research conducted to study the mental regulation of the behavior of higher mammals.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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