History of psychology. Physicochemical School of Physiology (most important)

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History of psychology. Physicochemical School of Physiology (most important)

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34. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SCHOOL OF PHYSIOLOGY

Physiology turns out to be closely connected with biology, since the object of its study is living organisms, it studies the processes of their vital activity. Due to this, it directly correlates with biochemistry and biophysics.

Physiology (from the Greek. fisis and logos - "the science of nature") explores the mechanisms of vital activity of organs and systems of the body, as well as the physical and chemical processes of its manifestations. Scientists combined the study of the physical principles of mental activity with the activity of the central nervous system, which stabilizes the functions of the body as a whole. Indicators of the course of physiological processes in the body cannot be carried out without the physico-chemical nature of electrical capabilities.

Methods for recording bioelectrical energy have emerged, such as electroencephalography (electroencephalogram - EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), topographic mapping of brain electrical activity (TCEAM), and computed tomography.

The method of studying autonomic reactions is the measurement of the galvanic skin response (GSR). In addition, methods have arisen for studying other organs and systems of the body:

1) EEG. The Austrian psychiatrist H. Berger in 1929 determined the probability of fixing the biocurrents of the brain, which led to the formation of a method for fixing the bioelectric energy of the central nervous system;

2) MEG. The American researcher D. Cohen developed the first measurements of the human electromagnetic field in 1968;

3) TKEAM. The method is designed to increase the effectiveness of the EEG. Allows more differentiated study of the functional states of the brain in its immediate areas, that is, everywhere;

4) computed tomography. A combination of x-ray and computational technology that provides more detailed descriptions of the brain;

5) GSR. Even at the end of the XIX century. the Frenchman K. Feret and the physiologist I.R. Tarkhanov simultaneously recorded possible differences between various parts of the skin surface. The measurement of the sensitivity thresholds of the sensory system was organized by the French scientist P. Bouguer and the German psychophysicists E. Weber and G. Fechner and others.

One of the main points of physiological examinations is still the question of determining the physicochemical beginning of the functioning of the nerve cell. And here the study of chemical processes taking place in cellular structures becomes the dominant component. Academician P. K. Anokhin (1898-1974), the founder of the theory of functional systems of the body, determined that the molecules of the forming brain responsible for eating behavior in the adult body act as chemical regulators. Since the mid 1870s. the central trend in the study of the physiology of behavior is the peptide one. Peptides, not chemical mediators, are the beginning of the neurochemical foundation of all kinds of behavior.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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