История психологии. Психологическая мысль в период перехода к XV в (самое важное)

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История психологии. Психологическая мысль в период перехода к XV в (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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11. PSYCHOLOGICAL THOUGHT DURING THE TRANSITION TO THE XNUMXTH CENTURY

The transition to the Renaissance began at a time when feudal culture was changing to a bourgeois one. Ideologists considered the revival of ancient values to be an important feature of this era.

Renaissance thinkers believed that it was necessary to cleanse ancient culture from distortions by its ideologues of the Middle Ages. Literary monuments of antiquity were restored in their original form, this played a very important role in the formation of a new ideological climate.

But the achievements of antiquity were comprehended in a new way. The philosophical pinnacle of these achievements was the teaching of Aristotle, which became one of the most important in the Middle Ages. His adherents were Muslims, Jews, and Christians. The philosophical views of Aristotle were supported by the Catholic Church, as well as those whom it persecuted as heretics. Both of them insisted that it was their understanding of Aristotle's concept that was the only correct interpretation of it.

Disputes over Aristotle's doctrine of the soul also influenced the formation of philosophical and psychological thought during the Renaissance. But the meaning and motivation of these disputes were determined not so much by Aristotelian ideas as by socio-ideological demands in the era of the crisis of feudalism and the beginning of capitalist relations. Aristotle was a symbol of freethinking for two groups - the Alexandrists and the Averroists. The clashes of these groups marked the beginning of a philosophical struggle in Italy, which was the main center of the European Renaissance. The struggle with theology was marked by the emergence of pantheism. The teachings of Ibn Rushd laid the foundation for the emergence of pantheistic ideas in Italy. The environment was represented as a single animate organism, and the human body was a living particle, which was characterized by certain mental properties. This concept served as the beginning of the idea that human behavior is subject to the universal laws of nature, which is a huge mechanism, but not an organic body.

Pietro Pomponazzi rejected Ibn Rushd's amendment to the interpretation of the Aristotelian doctrine of the soul. Bernardino Telesio believed that knowledge is based on the fact that the subtle matter of the soul captures and reproduces external influences.

One of the greatest ideologues of the Renaissance was Leonardo da Vinci. He conducted anatomical and physiological studies that were aimed at determining the structure of the "four universal human states": joy, strife, crying and physical (labor) effort.

His treatise "On Painting" contains provisions that modern psychophysiologists could not reject. Of great importance were the anatomical experiments of the Belgian scientist Andreas Vesalius, who believed that the "animal spirits" located in the ventricles of the brain are the carriers of the mental. He wrote the book "On the structure of the human body."

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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