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25. TEACHER OF THE SENSORS
The initial true knowledge about the structure and functioning of the sense organs began to emerge already in the Middle Ages (the works of the Arab scientists Alhazen and Avicenna). Algazen experimentally proved that the eye is the most accurate optical device that operates according to the laws of reflection and refraction of light.
Avicenna followed a similar view, comprehending the laws of combining colors with the help of a special spinning disk (work in the same direction was also carried out by the English scientist F. Bacon in the XNUMXth century).
The subsequent development of vision issues was associated with the names of famous physicists I. Kepler, R. Descartes, R. Hooke, I. Newton, M. V. Lomonosov.
They defined a number of theses regarding the optical properties of the eye, the lens and the retina, the mechanisms of accommodation and binocular vision, the role of the eye muscles in the perception of objects, the impact of objective conditions of perception (angle of vision, illumination, etc.) on the nature of the vision of external objects, and the features of color vision. In the XVIII century. many experiments were carried out in the field to establish a blind spot, visual acuity, discrimination thresholds, and the duration of a consistent image.
Views on the problems of color vision were developed in the first theories of color vision (T. Jung, M. V. Lomonosov), by the appearance in the press of the English chemist D. Dalton, who described the defects! of his vision - red-green blindness. In comparison with vision, there was much less scientific knowledge about the structure and functioning of the auditory apparatus and very little about other sense organs - touch, smell, taste sensitivity.
In the field of physiology of vision and hearing, a great contribution was made by I. Müller.
An important place in his study was occupied by issues of binocular vision, light and color adaptations, color combinations, sequential images, convergence and accommodation mechanisms, contrast phenomena, etc.
In the field of hearing, I. Müller concentrated his main attention on the study of the structure and functions of the outer, middle and inner ear. Thus, he found that the perception of high and low tones depends on the various tension of the auditory membrane.
As for feelings, he came to the following conclusion: their quality is determined not by the nature of the external stimulus, but by the properties of the nerves or the sense organs themselves.
The leading role in the progress of knowledge in the field of touch was played by the studies of E. Weber, who in 1834 published the work "On Touch". He revealed that touch is a synthetic and sensitive "organ", which includes temperature, muscle, pain sensitivity, as well as sensations of touch and pressure.
Author: Anokhina Z.V.
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