Means of protection of the hydrosphere. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Means of protection of the hydrosphere. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Methods and technological equipment for cleaning the hydrosphere can be chosen, knowing the types of impurities, as well as the permissible concentrations of these impurities in treated wastewater. In accordance with the types of processes implemented during cleaning, there are mechanical, physico-chemical and biological cleaning methods.

1. Mechanical cleaning - straining, settling, processing in the field of action of centrifugal forces and filtering. Straining is carried out in gratings and fiber traps with perforated discs in the form of moving grids coated with a layer of fibrous mass. Sand traps are used to purify water from metal and sand particles larger than 0,25 mm. Settlers are used for wastewater treatment from mechanical particles larger than 0,1 mm, as well as from particles of oil products.

Wastewater treatment in the field of action of centrifugal forces is carried out in open or pressure hydrocyclones and centrifuges.

To clean high flow rates of wastewater from fine solid impurities, granular filters are used, which have a large filtration surface, simple design and high efficiency.

2. Physical and chemical cleaning methods used to remove dissolved impurities and suspended solids.

Flotation - to intensify the process of oil products floating when their particles are enveloped by gas bubbles supplied to waste water.

Extraction is based on the redistribution of impurities in a mixture of two mutually insoluble liquids.

Neutralization (water-reagent, filtration, semi-dry) is designed to isolate and liquid wastes of acids, alkalis, metal salts based on acids and alkalis.

Sorption is used to purify liquid waste from soluble impurities using finely dispersed materials.

Ionic purification - for desalination and purification of liquid waste from metal ions and other impurities with ion exchangers (synthetic ion exchange resins).

Electrochemical cleaning is carried out by electrolysis.

Hyperfiltration is realized by separation of solutions by filtering them through membranes, the pores of which allow only water molecules to pass through.

3. Biological treatment It is used to isolate finely dispersed and dissolved organic substances and is based on the ability of microorganisms to use the organic substances contained in liquid waste for nutrition. Biofilters with forced and natural air supply are used. As a filter, slag, crushed stone, expanded clay, plastic, gravel, etc. are used. Aerotanks are used to clean large amounts of liquid waste. Oxytenes provide a more intensive process of oxidation of organic impurities.

Author: Muradova E.O.

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