History of psychology. Psychology in the first half of the 19th century (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

History of psychology. Psychology in the first half of the 19th century (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

23. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY

At the beginning of the XIX century. gradually began to form new approaches to the psyche. Now it was not so much mechanics as physiology that contributed to the development of psychological knowledge. Having the natural body as its object, physiology modified it into the subject of scientific research. At the main stages, the leading position of physiology was the "anatomical beginning". Functions were studied from the point of view of their subordination to the structure of the organ, its anatomy. Physiology conveyed the metaphysical views of an ancient era in the language of experience.

The English neurologist C. Bell, the French physiologist F. Magendie, the American psychologist G.-S. Hall and the German physiologist F. Müller formed a reflex direction. The successful development of psychophysiology was associated with the use of the method of observing oneself (introspection). The works of Hermann Ludwig Helmholtz "The doctrine of auditory sensations" and "Physiological optics" are the basis of modern physiology of the sense organs.

The idea that mental phenomena depend on some established regularity, which is understandable to scientific research and can be revealed mathematically, was stated in the current called "psychophysics", the founder of which was the German physiologist Gustav Fechner (1801-1887). Another physiologist Max Weber (1795-1879) experimentally proved a mathematically expressable correlation between physical impulses and sensory reactions. The patterns identified by G. Fechner and M. Weber truly described the relationship between mental and physical phenomena.

According to its own experimental texture, the reflex model of R. Descartes became plausible due to the fact that the differences between the tactile (sensory) and motor (motor) nerve pathways leading to the spinal cord were shown. This discovery was demonstrated to doctors and naturalists by I. Prohazka, F. Magendie and C. Bell. It made it possible to interpret the mechanism of nerve communication with the help of the so-called reflex arc, the electrification of one shoulder of which naturally and inevitably activates the other shoulder, causing a muscular reaction. Along with the theoretical (for physiology) and practical (for medicine), this discovery played an important methodological role. With the help of an experimental method, it substantiated the subordination of the body's functions related to its behavior in the environment to a physical substrate, and not to reason (or soul) as a special incorporeal substance.

The Austrian anatomist F. Gall (1758-1829) proposed an original "map of the brain", according to which various abilities are "located" in certain areas of the brain.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

<< Back: The origin of the idea of cultural and historical laws of the spiritual life of people

>> Forward: reflex teaching

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ Macroeconomics. Crib

▪ Organization theory. Lecture notes

▪ Infectious diseases. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Home economics is not a substitute for sports 11.08.2002

Usually to the question "Do you do physical education?" housewives answer: "Here you get so worked up in a day, what other physical education!" However, housework is a laborious and tedious task, but it does not allow the hostess to keep herself in good physical shape.

British doctors came to this conclusion after studying the life and health of 2341 English women aged 60 to 79 years. Of these, 53 percent spend at least 2,5 hours a week on rather hard domestic work - washing floors, windows, dishes, dusting in places where it is impossible to use a vacuum cleaner, caring for a garden at home, and so on.

Only 21 percent of older housewives engage in special exercises to keep fit - jogging, brisk walking, swimming, aerobics or tennis. And only these sports grandmothers retained good heart rates and normal body weight.

Other interesting news:

▪ Sweetened drinks cause obesity and tooth wear

▪ The earth may lose clouds

▪ Foldable UV Sterilizer

▪ Police robot car from Ford

▪ Samsung Gear VR Innovator Edition - virtual reality glasses for smartphones

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ site section Clocks, timers, relays, load switches. Article selection

▪ article Affecting factors, medical consequences and possible loss of population in disasters. Fundamentals of safe life

▪ article What is gum? Detailed answer

▪ article Administrative Assistant. Job description

▪ article A simple stroboscope with two emitters. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Electrolysis and electroplating installations. Electrolysis plants of ferroalloy production. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews