Affecting factors, medical consequences and possible loss of population during disasters. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Affecting factors, medical consequences and possible loss of population during disasters. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Amazing factors is the impact of emergency forces on people, animals, equipment, buildings and the environment.

Medical consequences are the result of the impact of damaging factors on a person. Such consequences can be in the form of general, sanitary and irretrievable losses of the population in emergencies.

The main damaging factors:

mechanical (dynamic) factors - blast wave, propelling action, secondary projectiles, falling from a height, crushing by destroyed structures of buildings, mines and other heavy objects, landslides, landslides, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, etc .;
chemically hazardous substances - toxic substances (ammonia, chlorine, propane, acids, alkalis and other highly toxic products) that enter the atmosphere, water, food and affect a person through the respiratory system, skin, gastrointestinal tract, etc. P.;
radiation (radiation at facilities using nuclear fuel and radioactive isotopes);
thermal (high and low temperatures);
biological (bacteriological agents, toxins, etc.).

They can often act simultaneously or sequentially, causing a variety of multiple, combined injuries of varying severity.

Amazing factors	Medical consequences
Mechanical and aerohydrodynamic	Injuries, wounds, concussions, drownings
Physical and radiation	Radiation, vibration, barrage
chemical	Acute poisoning and chemical burns
Thermal	Burns, frostbite, freezing, overheating
Biological	Mass infectious diseases (epidemics)

In a catastrophe, losses among the population become an emergency situation in which the number of those affected, as a rule, exceeds the capabilities of local, and often territorial health care in providing medical care in the optimal time frame.

Usually, there is a high severity of the lesion with a real threat to the life of a significant part of the affected (25-30%).

In terms of their mass character, the complexity of the structure and the severity of the defeat, losses among the population, due to the nature of a natural or man-made disaster, have much in common with losses from weapons of mass destruction, but at the same time they have a number of features.

Population losses during disasters are conditionally divided into two groups:

irrevocable: people who died at the time of the disaster; deceased before admission to the stage of medical and evacuation support; missing;
sanitary: affected (survivors); sick during an emergency or as a result of an emergency.

The size of losses and the number of deaths in each type of disaster varies over a wide range depending on a number of conditions: on the intensity of the effect of damaging factors, population density in the disaster zone, the nature of development, the degree of protection and preparedness of the population, etc. For example, during an earthquake 22,5, 45-55% of injuries occur as a result of falling structures and XNUMX% as a result of improper behavior of people (panic, inability to hide, falling from a height, etc.).

Multi-level training of various categories of the population for actions in emergency situations contributes to the reduction of losses among the population. In many countries of the world, this problem is given great attention by the state (Japan, USA, France).

In the structure of losses, the proportion of combined and multiple injuries is high, and these injuries are most often complicated by shock, bleeding, suppuration, and are also mutually aggravated. Outcomes are often less favorable.

A person in the disaster zone, along with damaging factors, has a strong effect on the psycho-traumatic situation, as a result of which various mental disorders can develop.

The threat to one's own life and the lives of loved ones, loss of relatives, family separation, loss of home, property, etc. are psychogenic-traumatic factors that cause mental disorders: impaired consciousness, psychomotor agitation, manifested in excessive mobility, stupor, hysteria, fear. A characteristic feature of such disorders is the duration of residual symptoms in the victims.

The problem of bringing people out of such states in a short time and involving them in rescue work, especially in the phase of isolation, can only be solved on the basis of good special, medical and psychological preparation of the population.

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

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