City ecology. Urbanization. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Free library / Directory / Basics of safe life

City ecology. Urbanization. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

In ecology, which is currently considered as the most general concept in relation to various problems of interaction between society and the environment, various scientific directions have been formed, including urban ecology.

In some approximation, the city can be compared with a single complex organism that actively exchanges matter and energy with the surrounding natural and agricultural territorial complexes and other cities.

It is important to note that the city can be divided into two main subsystems:

1) a territorial community of people (all citizens), which is an integral part of the city and is the meaning of its existence;

2) all material objects.

Cities serve as centers of attraction for human and material resources. Highly qualified specialists and workers, scientific and creative intelligentsia are concentrated in large and largest cities, as well as huge material, cultural, historical and scientific values are stored. The cities receive industrial raw materials and semi-finished products, finished products, and the fruits of agricultural production. At the same time, cities "export" industrial products, throwing huge amounts of waste into the environment. They become centers of technogenic biogeochemical provinces. In fact, any large city - both when "importing" matter and energy, and when "exporting" finished products and its waste - is connected with the entire planet.

Raw materials, parts, machine tools and mechanisms, food products come to cities (directly or indirectly) from different regions and are sent to many countries of the world. Chemicals emitted by the factory pipes of large cities (for example, heavy metals) are included in the global cycle and fall to the surface of the earth up to the glaciers of Antarctica and Greenland. But cities have the most significant impact on their immediate surroundings.

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

We recommend interesting articles Section Basics of safe life:

▪ Legal support of environmental control

▪ Ensuring work to eliminate the consequences of emergencies

▪ Social danger and severe health consequences of drug and substance abuse

See other articles Section Basics of safe life.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The world's tallest astronomical observatory opened 04.05.2024

Exploring space and its mysteries is a task that attracts the attention of astronomers from all over the world. In the fresh air of the high mountains, far from city light pollution, the stars and planets reveal their secrets with greater clarity. A new page is opening in the history of astronomy with the opening of the world's highest astronomical observatory - the Atacama Observatory of the University of Tokyo. The Atacama Observatory, located at an altitude of 5640 meters above sea level, opens up new opportunities for astronomers in the study of space. This site has become the highest location for a ground-based telescope, providing researchers with a unique tool for studying infrared waves in the Universe. Although the high altitude location provides clearer skies and less interference from the atmosphere, building an observatory on a high mountain poses enormous difficulties and challenges. However, despite the difficulties, the new observatory opens up broad research prospects for astronomers. ... >>

Controlling objects using air currents 04.05.2024

The development of robotics continues to open up new prospects for us in the field of automation and control of various objects. Recently, Finnish scientists presented an innovative approach to controlling humanoid robots using air currents. This method promises to revolutionize the way objects are manipulated and open new horizons in the field of robotics. The idea of controlling objects using air currents is not new, but until recently, implementing such concepts remained a challenge. Finnish researchers have developed an innovative method that allows robots to manipulate objects using special air jets as "air fingers". The air flow control algorithm, developed by a team of specialists, is based on a thorough study of the movement of objects in the air flow. The air jet control system, carried out using special motors, allows you to direct objects without resorting to physical ... >>

Purebred dogs get sick no more often than purebred dogs 03.05.2024

Caring for the health of our pets is an important aspect of the life of every dog owner. However, there is a common assumption that purebred dogs are more susceptible to diseases compared to mixed dogs. New research led by researchers at the Texas School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences brings new perspective to this question. A study conducted by the Dog Aging Project (DAP) of more than 27 companion dogs found that purebred and mixed dogs were generally equally likely to experience various diseases. Although some breeds may be more susceptible to certain diseases, the overall diagnosis rate is virtually the same between both groups. The Dog Aging Project's chief veterinarian, Dr. Keith Creevy, notes that there are several well-known diseases that are more common in certain breeds of dogs, which supports the notion that purebred dogs are more susceptible to disease. ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Bacteria found that converts methane into electricity 02.05.2022

Microbiologists at the University of Nijmegen in the Netherlands have found that the bacterium Candidatus Methanoperedens is capable of converting methane into usable energy. With the help of it, scientists managed to turn 31% of harmful gas into electricity.

The bacterium Candidatus Methanoperedens belongs to anaerobic methanotrophic archaea - microbes that can survive in the most extreme conditions, even where there is no oxygen. These bacteria are found in fresh water polluted with nitrogen, such as ditches and lakes. They need nitrate to break down methane.

Researchers have created something like a battery with two "terminals": one of them is biological, and the other is chemical. Candidatus Methanoperedens was grown on one of the electrodes, where bacteria began to donate electrons that arose due to the splitting of methane. So it was possible to achieve the conversion of 31% of the produced methane into electricity.

So far, the efficiency of the method is not high, but it can be increased in the course of further experiments.

"This can be very beneficial for the energy sector and the environment. In biogas plants, methane is produced by microorganisms and then burned, which drives a turbine. Less than half of the biogas is converted into electricity, and this is the maximum achievable capacity. We want to assess whether it is realistic achieve more," study co-author Cornelia Velte explained.

Other interesting news:

▪ The most distant object in the solar system discovered

▪ Philips GoPix 1 Pocket Portable Projector

▪ UAV flight duration record

▪ Boiled water is more harmful than filtered water

▪ Twin solar system discovered

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the website Residual current devices. Selection of articles

▪ article Illusions of depth perception. Encyclopedia of visual illusions

▪ article What did Galileo Galilei see in the telescope? Detailed answer

▪ article Certification of labor protection managers

▪ article How to calculate a core choke. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Shortwave transceiver Ural-84. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews