Legal support of environmental control. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Legal support of environmental control. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

The key environmental law in Russia is the Federal Law of January 10, 2002 D7-FZ "On Environmental Protection", March 3, 1992. Its 15 sections reflect the main issues of human interaction with nature on the territory of the Russian Federation.

Tasks, principles and main objects of environmental protection are formulated in Section I of the Law. For the first time, the priority of protecting human life and health, providing favorable conditions for life, work and recreation of the population in the implementation of any activity that affects nature has been clearly expressed. According to this section of the Law, the objects of protection are natural ecological systems, the ozone layer of the atmosphere, as well as the Earth, its subsoil, surface and groundwater, atmospheric air, forests and other vegetation, wildlife, microorganisms, genetic fund, natural landscapes. Reserves, national natural parks, natural monuments, rare plants and animals are subject to special protection. The right of citizens to a healthy and favorable environment is enshrined in Section II of the Law. Every citizen of Russia has the right to health protection from the adverse effects of the natural environment, which is ensured by planning and state control of environmental quality, insurance of citizens, compensation for damage to health caused by environmental pollution or other harmful effects.

The economic mechanism of environmental protection (section III) is the main one in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection". It reveals the principles of payment for nature use and environmental pollution.

Art. 18, which establishes that any user of natural resources is obliged to conclude an agreement with the executive authority for the proposed economic or other activity. The contract is concluded on the basis of environmental expertise and a license (permit) for integrated environmental management.

Regulation of the quality of the environment and the procedure for state environmental expertise, established in Sections IV and V of the Law, make it possible to ensure the state's impact on users of natural resources. The levels of maximum permissible environmental impacts for all types must be approved by specially authorized bodies of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection and sanitary and epidemiological supervision.

Requirements for enterprises, structures and other objects are formulated in Sections VI-VII of the Law. They are obligatory both during the placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, and during the operation of facilities.

The procedure for actions in emergency environmental situations and in specially protected natural areas is legalized in Sections VIII - IX.

Environmental control according to the Law (section X) is systemic and consists of state, industrial and public.

Responsibility for environmental violations is divided into disciplinary, administrative, material and criminal - for individuals and legal entities; administrative and civil law - for institutions, enterprises and organizations.

Author: Muradova E.O.

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Tree frogs, for example, survive the winter on land by allowing their bodies to freeze. This allows them to emerge from hibernation faster than species that hibernate deep underwater without freezing. But ice crystals can rupture cell membranes, so animals that use this technique need to find a way to prevent ice from forming in their cells and tissues. A better understanding of how water freezes can lead to a better understanding of these extreme species.

Although the rule of thumb is that water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius, water can remain liquid in the low temperature range under certain conditions. Until now, it was believed that this range stopped at minus 38 degrees Celsius. A little lower - and the water should freeze. For the first time, researchers have managed to keep water droplets in a liquid state at temperatures down to -44 degrees Celsius.

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The discovery could go a long way in preventing icing of man-made materials such as aviation and power systems, Ghasemi said. If water takes longer to freeze on soft surfaces, engineers can incorporate a mixture of soft and hard materials into their designs to keep ice from forming on those surfaces.

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