Determining your own location. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Determining your own location. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Loss of control situation own location arises as a result of movement in conditions of limited visibility (fog, snowfall, blizzard, darkness), neglect of checking the direction of movement with a compass and lack of orientation skills.

Here are some guidelines:

having realized that you are lost, stop and do not complicate the situation by convulsive throwing in different directions, especially in conditions of limited visibility;
you need to calmly figure out why you did not go where you were going, and where you ended up approximately;
if this failed, return to the place from which you started moving, or go to a linear landmark (river, road, clearing, power line - power line), from which you can confidently continue the path in the right direction;
if you are lost and do not have a compass and a map, then in order to meaningfully move in the right direction, you need to know the location of the sides of the horizon.

Determining the sides of the horizon during the day

1. By the shadow of the pole (necessary conditions: a bright sunny day, a pole about 1 m long) (Fig. 12):

a) stick a pole into the ground (not necessarily perpendicular, it can also be at an angle to the surface) on a flat, vegetation-free area, on which shadows are well defined; mark the point where the shadow of the pole ends;

b) wait until the shadow moves a few centimeters (on average it takes 10-15 minutes) - and again mark its end;

c, d) draw a line from the first marked point to the second and continue it 30 cm beyond the second mark - to the conditional point, to which the shadow from the pole will later pass;

e) stand so that the left foot is at the first mark, and the right foot is at the second;

f) You are facing north: now you can determine the other sides of the horizon.

Finding your own location

Rice. 12. Determination of the sides of the horizon by the shadow of the pole

2. According to mechanical watches (Fig. 13)

Finding your own location

Rice. 13. Determination of the sides of the horizon by a mechanical watch

In the northern hemisphere, you can determine the sides of the horizon on a clear day, having a mechanical watch, as follows:

position the clock so that the hour hand points to the sun;
mentally determine the angle between the number 12 and the hour hand (if the hour hand is moved forward by one hour, then you should take the number 1);
draw a bisector of the resulting angle.

As a result, we get a line indicating the direction N - South (north - south), and the bisector will point to the south.

In the southern hemisphere, you can determine the sides of the horizon in a similar way, but with some features:

position the clock so that the number 12 points to the sun;
mentally determine the angle between the number 12 and the hour hand;
draw a bisector of the resulting angle.

We get a line indicating the direction N - S, moreover, the bisector will point to the north.

3. By the sun

This is perhaps the most elementary approximate definition of the sides of the horizon. It is only necessary to remember that the sun rises in the east at 7 am, is in the south at noon (at 13 pm), and in the west at 19 pm.

Determining the sides of the horizon at night

The natural way to determine the sides of the horizon at night is by the stars.

1. By the North Star

This star will point north (Fig. 14).

Finding your own location

Rice. 14. Determination of the sides of the horizon by the North Star

To find the North Star in the sky, you need to find the constellation Ursa Major. Having connected the two extreme stars of the "bucket" (a and / Z), mentally continue this line for five of the same distances: here is the Polar Star. She is the last star in the tail of the constellation Ursa Minor. This constellation also consists of seven, but less bright, stars, and is shaped like a bucket, but smaller.

2. According to the constellation Cassiopeia

The constellation consists of five stars forming an oblique M (or W when low on the horizon). Cassiopeia, like the constellation Ursa Major, slowly revolves around the North Star. This fact is of great help in orienting if the Big Dipper is located low above the horizon or is not visible due to vegetation or tall objects. The North Star is located at the same distance from the constellation Cassiopeia as from the Big Dipper (Fig. 15).

Finding your own location

Rice. 15. Determining the sides of the horizon according to the constellation Cassiopeia

3. By the constellation of the Southern Cross (when in the southern hemisphere)

The constellation consists of four stars forming a cross inclined towards the horizon. Two stars form a long axis, which is called the core of the cross, or pointer. From the base of the cross rod, you need to mentally stretch a line to a distance 5 times the length of the cross itself and find an imaginary point that will indicate the direction to the south (Fig. 16).

Finding your own location

Rice. 16. Determining the sides of the horizon according to the constellation Southern Cross

Determination of the sides of the horizon in the direction of clearings and digitization on quarterly pillars.

Clearings are cut, as a rule, in the directions north - south and east - west. The quarters are numbered in rows, from west to east. At the ends of the quarter pillars installed at the intersections of the clearings, the smallest number is located on the northwestern cut, and the next in order - on the northeast: these two numbers point to the north. The next two numbers indicate, respectively, to the south (Fig. 17).

Finding your own location

Rice. 17. Determining the sides of the horizon by quarter pillars

Orientation to local subjects.

Plants can help determine the sides of the horizon. But first it should be noted that the most accurate method for determining the sides of the horizon is astronomical: it is worth using it in the first place. The method of determining the sides of the horizon from local objects is very approximate, and it can be used only in extreme cases - in conditions of poor visibility, inclement weather. The technique boils down to the following: you need to select 4-5 signs, determine the side of the horizon for each of them, and then combine all these signs and approximately understand where the north, south, east and west are.

For orientation, you can use the following signs:

the bark of trees due to the difference in heating and lighting on the south side of the trunk, as a rule, is harder, lighter, drier than on the north;
on the south side of the tree trunk, natural streaks and clots of resin are visible, which harden and have a light amber color for a long time;
pine trunks turn black from the north after rain;
mushrooms prefer to grow on the north side of trees, shrubs, stumps;
berries on the south side of the glade during the ripening period acquire color earlier;
grass in spring is thicker on the northern edge of the glade, and in summer - on the south;
tree branches tend to be longer and thicker on the south side;
growth rings on the stump of a sawn tree are wider on the south side;
mosses and lichens prefer the north side;
anthills are located on the south side of trees, shrubs, stumps; the wall of the anthill is more gentle on the south side;
in ravines that have a west-east direction (or vice versa), the slopes differ from each other: the southern one is more gentle, covered with soft grass, and the northern one is steeper, covered with sparse vegetation;
in ravines that have a north-south direction (or vice versa), the slopes are usually the same. In winter, you can find the sides of the horizon using the following features:
there is more snow on the north side of trees, buildings;
snow thaws faster on the south side of various objects;
the southern slopes of the mountains are soon cleared of snow;
in ravines, snow melts faster on the north side (there is an elementary explanation for this paradox: the northern slopes of ravines receive much more solar heat, since the sun's rays, as it were, rest on the surface of the northern slope, and glide along the southern slope);
the altars and chapels of Orthodox churches face east, while the bell towers face west.

In conclusion, considering the issue of orientation on the ground, the following should be noted. Once in an unfamiliar area, it is better to find an open space where there is an overview to determine your own location. On the crests of the ridges, if they do not present difficulties for movement, you can most quickly get out of the mountains. You should beware of moving through gorges and canyons. In an unfamiliar area, any river can be used as a guide or a way to travel. The river in this case serves as a source of food and water, in addition, the route along the river usually always leads to people.

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

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