History of psychology. Sensory-associative processes (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

History of psychology. Sensory-associative processes (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

15. SENSORY-ASSOCIATIVE PROCESSES

In the XNUMXth century following G. Galileo, for the doctrine of two categories of qualities - primary (objective) and secondary (not inherent in objects as such, but appearing when they act on an organ) - R. Descartes, T. Hobbes, D. Locke actively advocate. It was a prerequisite for the concept of feelings (perceptions), called "causal".

The strength of this concept was the collapse of the dominant doctrine in scholasticism about "spices", "types", "forms" of objects mysteriously perceived by the sense organ. At present, the scholastic interpretation has been replaced by a general relationship of motive and effect controlled by experiment: sensation (perception) is an effect produced by an external object in a physical mechanism.

In accordance with the concept of T. Hobbes, "the so-called sensible qualities are only various movements of matter", and since "movement produces only movement", nothing appears in the body that it affects, except for the movements of qualityless particles. It follows from this that sensation is something that seems to be. It is illusory in its own individual image, but is real as a process in the body that has an external motive.

The difference between primary and secondary qualities, adopted by G. Galileo, R. Descartes and other scientists, has won considerable fame in Europe, thanks to the work of D. Locke "Experience ..".

The interpretation of a large group of perceived qualities as secondary had as its premise a mechanistic view of the relationship of things to the sense organs. Overcoming the mechanistic view of the ratio, believing that in each monad the existence of the entire Universe is displayed with a different level of clarity and adequacy, G. Leibniz tried to find a solution to the issue of primary and secondary qualities other than what prevailed in his time. And again, the starting point for him was the physical and mathematical interpretation of mental activity.

G. Leibniz was the first to apply the idea of isomorphism in a psychological interpretation, which revealed new prospects for deterministic analysis before modern psychology.

The connection of judgments is of two kinds. At times it is ordered by a goal, but at other times it is not held together by any specific intention.

But neither R. Descartes, nor T. Hobbes, nor B. Spinoza - the real creators of the automatic scheme of association - have yet found an appropriate term for it.

Thus, in accordance with the associative theories of the XVII century. it is not the soul that creates associations, but according to the general laws of mechanics, they are formed into a series of physical phenomena, understood as spiritual ones. But the association has not yet acquired the status of a total category, which it was designated in the middle of the XNUMXth century. In the XNUMXth century it was planned that the behavior regulated by it is not compatible with truly rational.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

<< Back: The doctrine of the reflex

>> Forward: The Dominance of Empiricism and Associatism in the Psychology of the XNUMXth Century

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ Agricultural law. Lecture notes

▪ Accounting financial accounting. Crib

▪ Russian literature of the XNUMXth century in brief. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

The brain of boys and girls reacts differently to stress 18.11.2016

Dr. Victor Carrion of Stanford University and his colleagues found that stress affects the brains of boys and girls differently. Significant differences were found in an area called the islet of Reil, which is responsible for the perception of body signals, as well as emotions and empathy.

Some young people exposed to stress subsequently sink into a condition called post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), while others do not. People with this disorder may be haunted by painful memories - they try to avoid contact with people, places, things associated with a stressful situation. They may have trouble communicating, sleeping, and concentrating.

Previous studies have shown that girls are, on average, more at risk of developing PTSD than boys, but scientists have not been able to determine why.

The authors of the new study conducted MRI scans of the brains of 59 volunteers aged 9-17 years. Thirty girls and boys between the ages of 14 and 16 had episodes of psychological trauma, while twenty-nine others made up the control group. All participants in the experiment had a similar age and IQ. Among the traumatized participants, five experienced one stressful event, while the remaining twenty-five experienced two or more episodes or were chronically stressed.

The researchers found no difference in brain structure between boys and girls in the control group. However, among injured boys and girls, they saw differences in a part of the islet of Reil called the anterior sulcus. This area of the brain had more volume and surface area in boys with trauma. At the same time, the volume of the same region was smaller in girls with trauma than in girls from the control group.

"It is very important that people who work with traumatized youth take into account gender differences. Our results show that it is possible that boys and girls may have different symptoms of trauma and that they may benefit from different therapies," she said. Megan Klabunde, co-author of the study.

The islet of Reil usually changes during childhood and adolescence. A decrease in the volume of this zone, as a rule, is considered a sign of growing up. Thus, the obtained data mean that traumatic stress can lead to premature sexual development of girls.

Other interesting news:

▪ Onda V972 Tablet with 9,7" Retina Display

▪ Airships put out fires

▪ Tank robots instead of firefighters

▪ Hand dryers are breeding grounds for bacteria

▪ Eco-friendly gasoline engine from Mazda

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Application of microcircuits. Article selection

▪ article Instruction on labor protection for electric welders of manual welding

▪ How is copper mined? Detailed answer

▪ article Assistant Director for General Affairs. Job description

▪ article Twilight switch on lighting. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Unfolding newspaper. Focus Secret

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews