History of psychology. Psychotechniques (the most important)

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History of psychology. Psychotechniques (the most important)

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52. PSYCHO TECHNIQUES

At the turn of the XX century. industrial progress directed the interests of psychology to the problems of production, work activities, determined the emergence of psychotechnics (the concept was introduced by V. Stern).

F. Taylor (1856-1915) came up with a system of intensification of activity for the purposeful unification of production (Taylorism). The scientific unification of production, the design of activity processes required thorough information about the neuropsychic capabilities of workers and the potentials for their effective use. For the structuring of psychotechnics, the achievements of the experimental and the psychology of distinctions were used.

The main directions of psychotechnics:

1) identifying the best length of working time;

2) experienced study of the issue of fatigue;

3) methods of consideration of professions and professional suitability. Gaining fame vocational guidance.

The founder is J. Parson, the author of the book "Choice of Profession".

Career assignments included:

1) help the subject, through tests, acquire as accurate information as possible about his mental properties;

2) get acquainted with the requirements that apply to the psychophysical organization of a person by various professions;

3) by comparing these two groups of information, provide an appropriate assignment.

A significant stage in the development of industrial psychology (psychotechnics) was the book by G. Munsterberg "Psychology of Industrial Productivity". It analyzed the problems of scientific management of enterprises, vocational selection and career guidance, industrial training, adaptation of technology to the psychological potentials of a person, and other factors for increasing the productivity of workers and entrepreneurs' incomes.

G. Münsterberg, like other scientists who formed psychotechnics, at first conducted work in two aspects. For the purpose of diagnostics for professional selection, he, based on the hypothesis that the mental activity of a particular individual is a combination of various functions (memory, attention, general mental abilities, reaction speed, etc.), determined by means of tests the degree of formation of these functions necessary for successful performance this activity. The logic and technique of the psychology of distinctions were used here.

The second trend proceeded from the consideration of the requirements of the profession for neuropsychic functions. In a number of G. Münsterberg's experiments, moments were observed that significantly differed from the established model adopted in "academic" experimental psychology.

The starting point was a task identified through practice. Life circumstances were schematized. The reactions of the subject to symbols in their structural features are also similar to real production operations.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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