History of psychology. The origin of the materialist trend in Russian psychology (the most important)

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History of psychology. The origin of the materialist trend in Russian psychology (the most important)

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20. THE ORIGIN OF THE MATERIALIST TREND IN RUSSIAN PSYCHOLOGY

The economic and cultural rise of Russia after the reforms of Peter I contributed to the development of progressive socio-philosophical and scientific thought.

Russia is nominating one of the well-known natural scientists - M. V. Lomonosov, who advocated a natural-scientific approach to the human psyche. A. N. Radishchev writes a treatise "On Man, His Mortality and Immortality". The treatise included two parts. In the two initial books, the doctrine was formed that all internal phenomena "are truly the properties of a sentient and thinking substance." In other books, arguments were made in favor of the immortality of the soul.

Determining the place of mental phenomena in the universe, A. N. Radishchev took as a basis the principles of materialistic monism and determinism. A. N. Radishchev believed that mental phenomena occur in space, are personified in spatial structures. AN Radishchev thought about the "incalculable materiality of diversity", about the "single ladder", in which many forces and properties are recognized.

The view of actuality, sensation and thinking as levels of an integral material “ladder” spoke of the unification of the views of materialistic monism, put forward in the 17th century, with the principle of evolution, approved in the 18th century. Believing that thinking is the “most intrinsic quality” of a person, A. N. Radishchev criticized K. Helvetius for neglecting the qualitative differences between thinking and feeling. He also disagrees with C. Helvetius in his views on the determination of intellectual abilities. Similarly, D. Diderot A. N. Radishchev argued that the development of an individual’s intellectual qualities depends not only on the influence of the environment, but also on the physical organization. Like D. Diderot, he divided the intellectual development of the people as a whole and the individual. The first is determined by different conditions than the second.

The fact that his disagreement with K. Helvetius in the interpretation of mental abilities coincides with the views of D. Diderot on these issues, A.N. Radishchev could not know, since D. Diderot, in order not to provide weapons to ideological antagonists, did not publish his critical remarks about the books of K. Helvetius "On the Mind" and "On the Man". The coincidences in the opinions of A. N. Radishchev and D. Diderot speak of a single logic in the formation of the materialistic idea. G. V. Plekhanov noticed that A. N. Radishchev was looking for the key to the psychology of people in the circumstances of their social life. At the same time, it was not about the psychology of an individual subject in its dependence on social causes, but about the psychology of large groups of people - social psychology.

From the peculiarities of human nervous activity it follows that he is an "imitative creation." Imitation is done "automatically". Acts based on imitation are of a different type than those governed by reasoning. Imitation was used by many rulers to "manage a large crowd."

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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