History of psychology. Philosophical teachings about mental activity in the mid-19th century (the most important)

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History of psychology. Philosophical teachings about mental activity in the mid-19th century (the most important)

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27. PHILOSOPHICAL DOCTRINES ABOUT MENTAL ACTIVITY IN THE MIDDLE OF THE XIX CENTURY

In the middle of the XIX century. significant philosophical currents are born on the basis of the experience accumulated by predecessors and existing philosophical theories.

Idealism. Representatives of this trend recognized consciousness, spirit as primary, and being, matter as secondary.

Key messages:

1) the world is the personification of a perfect idea, the world spirit;

2) only human consciousness is truly, and the physical world lives only in it: in sensations, concepts, ideas;

3) denial of the possibility of comprehending the laws of nature, objective truth. Idealism is formed on the opinions of German idealist philosophers of the late XNUMXth - early XNUMXth centuries. - I. Kant, J. G. Fichte, G. Hegel. They established two main varieties of idealism - individual (subjective) and objective.

Subjective idealism (J. Berkeley) does not recognize the objective life of the external world, recognizing only the reality of feelings and judgments, the concrete personal consciousness of a person.

Objective idealism (G. Hegel) is based on the thesis that at the beginning of everything that exists lie autonomous spirit and idea from matter and consciousness.

Irrationalism and voluntarism are philosophical and idealistic movements that deny the rationality of cognition of natural phenomena by reason, which in the first case was interpreted by the dependence of human consciousness and activity on natural phenomena, and in the second by the dominance of the will over the intellect (F. Nietzsche and others).

Rationalism. Formed on the predominance of the rational principle as an objective measure of comprehension of reality. Thinking abilities are a true reflection of natural patterns in subjective and social activity. This is the view of general expediency, followed by the followers of B. Spinoza, R. Descartes, who in turn contributed to scholasticism and metaphysics.

Materialism. It proceeds from the position that the world is material and objective, regardless of consciousness. The latter is secondary and derived from the material substance - its carrier. Therefore, materialists relied on data from research in the field of natural science. These were the works of I. M. Sechenov and C. Darwin, starting with the provisions of the Russian revolutionary democrats.

Marxist philosophy was formed in the middle of the XNUMXth century. K. Marx and F. Engels. Marxists followed the postulates of the unity of natural and social phenomena.

The classics of Marxism formed the following types of materialistic doctrine: dialectical materialism, philosophical materialism and historical materialism, which include provisions on the laws of evolution of nature and society.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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