History of psychology. Gestalt psychology (most important)

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History of psychology. Gestalt psychology (most important)

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58. GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY

Gestalt psychology (from German gestalt - "image, form") is a direction in Western psychology that arose in Germany in the first third of the XNUMXth century, putting forward a program for studying the psyche from the point of view of integral structures (gestalts), primary in relation to their components. Gestalt psychology (G.) opposed the principle of division of consciousness into separate elements and the construction of complex mental phenomena according to the foundations of the laws of association or creative synthesis, put forward by structural psychology (W. Wundt, E. B. Titchener, and others). The idea that the internal, systemic organization of the whole provides the properties and functions of its constituent parts was originally applied to the experimental study of perception (mainly visual). With this, you can study a number of important components of perception: constancy, structure, dependence of the image of an object ("figure") on its immediate environment ("background"), etc.

In the analysis of intellectual behavior, the role of the sensory image in the compilation of motor reactions was traced. The construction of this image was interpreted as a special mental act of comprehension, a quick grasp of relationships in the perceived field. G. opposed these provisions to behaviorism, which explained the behavior of an organism in a problem situation by enumeration of "blind" motor samples that accidentally led to a successful solution. When studying the processes of human thinking, the main emphasis was placed on the transformation ("reorganization", new "centering") of cognitive structures, due to which these processes acquire a productive character, which distinguishes them from formal logical manipulations, algorithms, etc. Although the ideas of G ... and the results obtained by her contributed to the development of knowledge about psychological processes (primarily the category of mental image), and also led to the establishment of a systematic approach, her idealistic methodology (going back to femenology) prevented the scientific, causal analysis of these processes. Mental "gestalts" and their transformations were interpreted as properties of individual consciousness, the dependence of which on the objective world and the activity of the central nervous system was represented by the type of isomorphism (structural similarity), which is a variant of psychophysical parallelism. The main representatives are the German psychologists M. Wertheimer, K. Koffka. General scientific positions close to it belonged to K. Levin and his school, who extended the principle of consistency and the idea of the priority of the whole in changing mental formations to the motivation of human behavior.

Other representatives: K. Goldstein - a supporter of "holism" (integrity) in pathopsychology, F. Haider, who introduced the concept of gestalt into social psychology in order to interpret interpersonal perception, etc.

Author: Anokhina Z.V.

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